Thomas Joseph Mooney (December 8, 1882 – March 6, 1942) was an American political activist and
labor leader, who was convicted with
Warren K. Billings of the
San FranciscoPreparedness Day Bombing of 1916. It quickly became apparent that Mooney and Billings had been convicted based on falsified evidence and perjured testimony; and the Mooney case and campaigns to free him became an international cause célèbre for two decades, with a substantial number of publications demonstrating the falsity of the conviction. These publications and the facts of the case are surveyed in Richard H. Frost, The Mooney Case (Stanford University Press, 1968). Mooney served 22 years in prison before finally being pardoned in 1939.
Early life
The son of
Irish immigrants, Mooney was born in
Chicago,
Illinois on December 8, 1882. His father, Bernard, had been a
coal miner and a militant organizer for the
Knights of Labor in struggles so intense that after one fight he was left for dead. Bernard Mooney died of "miner's con" (now known as
silicosis) at the age of 36, when Tom, the eldest of three surviving children, was ten years old. Tom's sister Anna told neighbors that the family had originated in
Holyoke,
Massachusetts, not Chicago.
Ten deaths and forty injuries resulted from the explosion in the midst of the Preparedness Day parade. The bombing took place at the height of anarchist violence in the United States, especially the Galleanistanarcho-communist movement of
Luigi Galleani.[1]
Trial
Mooney and Billings were convicted in separate trials and Mooney was sentenced to be hanged and Billings got a life sentence. Rena Mooney and Weinberg were acquitted.
In prison
In 1918, Mooney's sentence was changed to life imprisonment, the same as Billings. Mooney quickly became one of the most famous
political prisoners in America. A worldwide campaign to free Tom Mooney followed. During that time his wife Rena, Bulletin editor
Fremont Older, anarchists
Alexander Berkman and
Emma Goldman,
Lucy Robins Lang, heiress
Aline Barnsdall,
Hollywood celebrities, international politicians, and many other well-known people campaigned for his release.[2][3]Caroline Decker, a labor activist who later became active in California agricultural unionism, first went to California as part of a "Free Tom Mooney" delegation.[4] While imprisoned, Mooney corresponded with fellow union leader
Ned Cobb of the
AlabamaSharecroppers' Union.[5]
During his time at San Quentin, Mooney was a highly dependable
orderly in the prison hospital.
Dorothea Lange went to the prison to photograph him, and one of the photographs she took was used in a poster published by the Tom Mooney Defense Committee.[6]
In 1931, New York City Mayor
Jimmy Walker made a solidarity visit to Tom's sister Anna's house in San Francisco's Mission District.[7]
Release and later years
Mooney filed a
writ of habeas corpus which was heard by the
United States Supreme Court in 1937. Even though he presented evidence that his conviction was obtained through the use of perjured testimony and that the prosecution had suppressed favorable evidence, his writ was denied because he had not first filed a writ in state court. Nevertheless, his case is important because it helped establish that a conviction based upon false evidence violates
due process. Mooney was pardoned in 1939 by liberal
Democratic Governor
Culbert Olson.
He was old from years in prison, sick with
ulcers and
jaundice. He had not worn his martyrdom well; he broke with modest Billings, who was convicted with him but somehow was never regarded as a martyr; he was
estranged from his wife; his former colleagues in the labor movement often found him to be selfish and conceited.[8]
Mooney then campaigned for Billings's release although the two men had become estranged. He traveled around the country making speeches. He drew a full house at
Madison Square Garden in
New York City. Billings was released in 1939 and pardoned in 1961.[9]
Death and legacy
After attempting a lecture tour, Mooney collapsed from illness. The
California Federation of Labor turned down a resolution to pay his bills, as his politics were deemed too radical.[8] While dying in a San Francisco hospital, Mooney, at 59, had only a few visitors, and only a few letters from friends. From his bed he helped advance a campaign to free Communist
Earl Browder as Chairman of the "Citizens' Committee to Free Earl Browder."[8]
^Kennedy, Kathleen (January 2000). "In the Shadow of Gompers: Lucy Robins and the Politics of Amnesty, 1918-1922". Peace & Change. 25 (1): 26.
doi:
10.1111/0149-0508.00140.
Minor, Robert (1917). The Frame-up System: Story of So-called Bomb Trials in San Francisco. San Francisco: International Workers' Defense League.
hdl:
2027/uc1.31175035184137.