The name is derived from the Latin tensa brachia, meaning "outstretched arms".[1]
Definition
Unit of length
1 toise was divided in 6
feet (
French: pieds) or 72
inches (pouces) or 864
lines (lignes) in France until 1812.
In 1799 the metre was defined to be exactly 443.296 lignes or 13,853⁄27,000 toise, with the intention that the metre should equal 1⁄10,000,000 of the distance from the pole to the equator. This had the effect of making the toise approximately 1949.03631 mm.
According to an article written in 1866, during measurement of various standard length artefacts from several countries, the toise was measured as 1,949.03632 mm.[2]: 180
Since before 1394, the standard for the toise of Paris was an iron bar embedded in the wall of the
Grand Châtelet. But a little before 1667 the pillar in which the standard was embedded bent and distorted the standard. In 1667 officials constructed a new standard, but there were complaints that the new standard was about 0.5% shorter than the previous one. Nevertheless, the new standard was mandated. The old standard was since called "toise de l'Écritoire".
From 1668 to 1776 the French standard of length was the Toise of Châtelet, which was fixed outside the Grand Châtelet in Paris. In 1735 two geodetic standards were calibrated against the Toise of Châtelet. One of them, the Toise of Peru, was used for the
Spanish-French Geodesic Mission. In 1766 the Toise of Peru became the official standard of length in France and was renamed Toise of the
Academy (Toise de l'Académie). In 1799, after the remeasurement of the
Paris meridian arc (Méridienne de France) between
Dunkirk and
Barcelona by
Delambre and
Mechain, the metre was defined as 3 pieds (feet) and 11.296 lignes (lines) of the Toise of the Academy.[3]
1 toise was exactly 2 metres in France between 1812 and 1 January 1840 (
mesures usuelles).
^Clarke, A. R.; James, Henry (1867). "Abstract of the Results of the Comparisons of the Standards of Length of England, France, Belgium, Prussia, Russia, India, Australia, Made at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 157: 161–180.
doi:
10.1098/rstl.1867.0010.
S2CID109333769.
^"Histoire du mètre". Direction Générale des Entreprises (DGE). Retrieved 27 December 2017.