Genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae
For the agricultural product, see
Tobacco .
Nicotiana (
[2]
[3]
[4] ) is a
genus of
herbaceous plants and
shrubs in the
family
Solanaceae , that is
indigenous to the Americas, Australia, Southwestern Africa and the South Pacific. Various Nicotiana
species , commonly referred to as tobacco plants , are cultivated as ornamental garden plants.
N. tabacum is grown worldwide for the cultivation of
tobacco leaves used for manufacturing and producing
tobacco products , including
cigars ,
cigarillos ,
cigarettes ,
chewing tobacco ,
dipping tobacco ,
snuff , and
snus .
Taxonomy
Species
Cross section of Nicotiana tabacum
corolla , showing
pistil and
stamens
The 79 known species include:
[1]
[5]
[6]
Nicotiana acuminata (Graham)
Hook. – manyflower tobacco
[7]
Nicotiana africana Merxm.
[7]
Nicotiana alata
Link &
Otto – jasmine tobacco, sweet tobacco, winged tobacco, Persian tobacco, tanbaku (in
Persian )
[7]
Nicotiana attenuata
Torrey ex
S. Watson – coyote tobacco
[7]
Nicotiana benthamiana
Domin
[7] – benth, benthi
Nicotiana clevelandii
A. Gray
[7] – Cleveland's tobacco
Nicotiana glauca Graham – tree tobacco, Brazilian tree tobacco, shrub tobacco, wild tobacco, tobacco plant, tobacco bush, tobacco tree, mustard tree
[7]
Nicotiana glutinosa L.
Nicotiana langsdorffii Weinm.
[7] – Langsdorff's tobacco
Nicotiana longiflora Cav.
[7] – longflower tobacco or long-flowered tobacco
Nicotiana occidentalis H.-M. Wheeler
[7] – native tobacco
Nicotiana obtusifolia
M. Martens &
Galeotti – desert tobacco, punche , "tabaquillo"
[7]
Nicotiana otophora Griseb.
[7]
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. – Tex-Mex tobacco
Nicotiana quadrivalvis
Pursh – Indian tobacco
Nicotiana rustica L. – Aztec tobacco, strong tobacco, mapacho
[7]
Nicotiana suaveolens
Lehm. – Australian tobacco
[7]
Nicotiana sylvestris
Speg. & Comes – woodland tobacco, flowering tobacco, South American tobacco
[7]
Nicotiana tabacum L. – common tobacco, domesticated tobacco, cultivated tobacco, commercial tobacco (grown for the production of
cigars ,
cigarillos ,
cigarettes ,
chewing tobacco ,
dipping tobacco ,
snuff ,
snus , etc.)
[7]
Nicotiana tomentosiformis
Goodsp.
[7]
Manmade hybrids
Formerly placed here
Petunia axillaris (Lam.) Britton et al. (as N. axillaris Lam. ) – large white petunia, wild white petunia, white moon petunia
[10]
Etymology
The genus Nicotiana (from which the word
nicotine is derived) was named in honor of
Jean Nicot , French ambassador to Portugal, who in 1559 sent samples as a medicine to the court of
Catherine de' Medici .
[11]
Ecology
Illustration with photographs of
tobacco leaves infested by
Lasioderma serricorne (tobacco beetles), from Runner, G. A., The tobacco beetle (1919), Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Female specimen of
Manduca sexta (five-spotted hawkmoth)
Despite containing enough
nicotine and/or other compounds such as
germacrene and
anabasine and other
piperidine alkaloids (varying between species) to
deter most
herbivores ,
[12] a number of such animals have
evolved the ability to feed on Nicotiana species without being harmed. Nonetheless, tobacco is unpalatable to many species and therefore some tobacco plants (chiefly tree tobacco (
N. glauca )) have become established as
invasive species in some places.
In the 19th century, young tobacco plantings came under increasing attack from
flea beetles (the potato flea beetle (
Epitrix cucumeris ) and/or
Epitrix pubescens ), causing the destruction of half the United States tobacco crop in 1876. In the years afterward, many experiments were attempted and discussed to control the potato flea beetle. By 1880, it was discovered that covering young plants with a frame covered with thin fabric (instead of with branches, as had previously been used for frost control) would effectively protect the plants from the beetle. This practice spread until it became ubiquitous in the 1890s.[
citation needed ]
Tobacco, alongside its
related products , can be infested by
parasites such as the tobacco beetle (
Lasioderma serricorne ) and the tobacco moth (
Ephestia elutella ), which are the most widespread and damaging
pests in the
tobacco industry .
[13] Infestation can range from the tobacco cultivated in the fields to the
leaves used for manufacturing
cigars ,
cigarillos ,
cigarettes ,
chewing tobacco ,
dipping tobacco , etc.
[13] Both the
grubs of Lasioderma serricorne and the
caterpillars of Ephestia elutella are considered major pests.
[13]
Other
moths whose
caterpillars feed on Nicotiana include:
Black cutworm, greasy cutworm, or floodplain cutworm (as a caterpillar),
dark sword-grass or ipsilon dart (as a moth) (
Agrotis ipsilon )
Turnip moth (
Agrotis segetum )
Mouse moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis )
Clover cutworm (as a caterpillar),
nutmeg (as a moth) (Hadula trifolii or Anarta trifolii )
Endoclita excrescens
Hawaiian tobacco hornworm or Hawaiian tomato hornworm (as a caterpillar), Blackburn's sphinx moth (as a moth) (
Manduca blackburni )
Tobacco hornworm or Goliath worm (as a caterpillar), tobacco hawkmoth or Carolina sphinx moth (as a moth) (
Manduca sexta )
Tomato hornworm (as a caterpillar), five-spotted hawkmoth (as a moth) (
Manduca quinquemaculata )
Cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae )
Angle shades (Phlogophora meticulosa )
Setaceous Hebrew character (Xestia c-nigrum )
Cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni )
[14]
Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda )
Tobacco spitworm (as a caterpillar), potato tuber moth (as a moth) (
Phthorimaea operculella )
[15]
South American tomato pinworm, tomato pinworm or tomato leafminer (as a caterpillar), South American tomato moth (as a moth) (
Tuta absoluta )
[15]
Eggplant leafroller moth or nightshade leaftier (
Lineodes integra )
[15]
Eggplant webworm moth (
Rhectocraspeda periusalis )
[15]
These are mainly
Noctuidae , but they also comprise
Sphingidae ,
Gelechiidae , and
Crambidae .
Nicotiana sylvestris
Nicotiana alata
Nicotiana langsdorffii
Nicotiana obtusifolia
Nicotiana × sanderae ornamental cultivar
Cultivation
Several species of Nicotiana , such as N. sylvestris ,
[16] N. alata 'Lime Green'
[17]
[18] and N. langsdorffii are grown as
ornamental plants , often under the name of flowering tobacco.
[5]
[19] They are popular
vespertines (evening bloomers); their sweet-smelling flowers opening in the evening to be visited by
hawkmoths and other
pollinators . In temperate climates, they behave as
annuals (
hardiness 9a-11).
[20]
The
hybrid
cultivar 'Lime Green'
[18] has gained the
Royal Horticultural Society 's
Award of Garden Merit .
[21]
Garden varieties are derived from N. alata (e.g., the 'Niki' and 'Saratoga' series) and more recently from
Nicotiana × sanderae (e.g., the 'Perfume' and 'Domino' series).
[19]
The tobacco budworm (
Chloridea virescens ) has proved to be a massive "pest" of many species in the genus, and has resisted many attempts at management.
[22]
References
^
a
b
"Nicotiana L." Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 24 July 2022 .
^
"Nicotiana" .
Lexico UK English Dictionary .
Oxford University Press . Archived from
the original on 2020-03-22.
^
"Nicotiana" .
Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary . Retrieved 2016-01-21 .
^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
^
a
b
"Nicotiana" . Retrieved May 26, 2020 .
^
"Search results — The Plant List" . www.theplantlist.org . Retrieved May 26, 2020 .
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q Knapp et al. (2004) Nomenclatural changes and a new sectional classification in Nicotiana (Solanaceae) Taxon. 53(1):73-82.
^
a
b Bot, Ann (2003).
"Molecular Systematics, GISH and the Origin of Hybrid Taxa in Nicotiana (Solanaceae)" . Annals of Botany . 92 (1): 107–127.
doi :
10.1093/aob/mcg087 .
PMC
4243627 .
PMID
12824072 .
^ Clausen, R.E. (1928) Interspecific hybridization in Nicotiana. VII. The cytology of hybrids of the synthetic species, digluta , with its parents, glutinosa and tabacum . Univ. Cal. Pub. Botany. 11(10):177-211.
^
"GRIN Species Records of Nicotiana " . United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-11-30 .
^ Austin, Gregory.
"Chronology of Psychoactive Substance Use" . Teachers College Columbia University . Archived from
the original on 2011-08-09. Retrieved 2014-02-08 .
^ Panter, KE; Keeler, RF; Bunch, TD; Callan, RJ (1990). "Congenital skeletal malformations and cleft palate induced in goats by ingestion of Lupinus , Conium and Nicotiana species". Toxicon . 28 (12): 1377–1385.
doi :
10.1016/0041-0101(90)90154-Y .
PMID
2089736 .
^
a
b
c Ryan, L., ed. (1995).
"Introduction" . Post-harvest Tobacco Infestation Control .
Norwell, Massachusetts and
Dordrecht ,
Netherlands :
Kluwer Academic Publishers . pp. 1–4.
doi :
10.1007/978-94-017-2723-5_1 .
ISBN
978-94-017-2723-5 .
^ United States. Agricultural Research Service (1984),
Suppression and Management of Cabbage Looper Populations , U.S. States Dept. of Agriculture, retrieved 25 September 2017
^
a
b
c
d Hayden, James E.; Lee, Sangmi; Passoa, Steven C.; Young, James; Landry, Jean-François; Nazari, Vazrick; Mally, Richard; Somma, Louis A.; Ahlmark, Kurt M. (2013).
"Microlepidoptera on Solanaceae" . Digital Identification of Microlepidoptera on Solanaceae . Fort Collins, Colorado: USDA-APHIS-PPQ Identification Technology Program (ITP). Retrieved 2020-02-14 .
^
"RHS advice & tips on garden & indoor plants | Plant finder & selector / RHS Gardening" . www.rhs.org.uk . Retrieved May 26, 2020 .
^
" 'Lime Green' flowering tobacco" . Retrieved May 26, 2020 .
^
a
b
"Nicotiana 'Lime Green' " . RHS Gardening . Retrieved 18 January 2021 .
^
a
b
"The National Garden Bureau" . Archived from
the original on 2015-04-21. Retrieved 2014-07-23 .
^
"PlantFiles: Nicotiana Species, Flowering Tobacco" . Dave's Garden . Retrieved May 26, 2020 .
^
"AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF) . Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 69. Retrieved 13 April 2018 .
^
"Tobacco budworm - Heliothis virescens (Fabricius)" . entnemdept.ufl.edu . Retrieved 2017-11-09 .
Bibliography
External links
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