| Tinea manuum | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Tinea manus [1] |
 | |
| Tinea manuum hand | |
| Specialty | Dermatology, infectious diseases |
| Symptoms | Diffuse scaling, itch and prominent creases on palms [2] |
| Complications | Secondary bacterial infection [3] |
| Causes | Trichophyton rubrum [2] |
| Risk factors | Diabetes, high blood pressure, weak immune system, humid surroundings, excessive sweating, recurrent hand trauma and cracks, pet owners, farmworkers. [3] |
| Diagnostic method | Visualization, direct microscopy, culture [3] |
| Treatment | Topical or oral antifungals [3] |
| Medication | Terbinafine, itraconazole, clotrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole [3] |
Tinea manuum is a fungal infection of the hand, mostly a type of dermatophytosis, often part of two feet-one hand syndrome. [2] [4] There is diffuse scaling on the palms or back of usually one hand and the palmer creases appear more prominent. [2] When both hands are affected, the rash looks different on each hand, with palmer creases appearing whitish if the infection has been present for a long time. [5] It can be itchy and look slightly raised. [5] Nails may also be affected. [5]
The most common cause is Trichophyton rubrum. [2] The infection can result from touching another area of the body with a fungal infection such as athlete's foot or fungal infection of groin, contact with an infected person or animal, or from contact with soil or contaminated towels. [5] Risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, weak immune system, humid surroundings, excessive sweating, recurrent hand trauma and cracks in feet. [3] Pet owners and farmworkers are also at higher risk. [5] Machine operators, mechanics, gas/electricity workers and people who work with chemicals have also been reported to be at greater risk. [6]
Diagnosis is by visualization, direct microscopy and culture. [3] Psoriasis of the palms, pompholyx and contact dermatitis may appear similar. [3] Treatment is usually with long-term topical antifungal medications. [5] If not resolving, terbinafine or itraconazole taken by mouth might be options. [5]
It occurs worldwide. [3] One large study revealed around 84% of tinea manuum was associated with athlete's foot, of which 80% admitted scratching their feet, and 60% were male, [6]
Signs and symptoms
There is usually an itch, with generalised dry flaky thick skin of the palm of a hand. [3] Frequently, one hand is affected, but it can be in both. [3] If the back of the hand is affected, it may appear as reddish circles like in ringworm. [3] Sometimes there are no symptoms. [3] The feet may be affected as in two feet-one hand syndrome. [2]
Cause
The most common cause is Trichophyton rubrum. [2] Other causes include Trichophyton verrucosum (from cattle), Microsporum canis (from a cat or dog), Trichophyton erinacei (from a hedgehog), Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton interdigitale, and more rarely Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton eriotrephon, and Arhroderma benhamiae. [3] [5]
Tinea manuum can result from touching another area of the body with a fungal infection such as athlete's foot or tinea cruris, contact with an infected person or animal, or from contact with soil or contaminated towels. [5]
Risk factors
Diabetes, high blood pressure, weak immune system, humid surroundings, excessive sweating, recurrent hand trauma and cracks in feet are risk factors for tinea manuum. [3] Pet owners and farmworkers are also at higher risk. [3] [5]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is by visualization, direct microscopy and culture. [3]
Differential diagnosis
Psoriasis of the palms, pompholyx and contact dermatitis may appear similar. [3]
Prevention
Prevention is focussed on hygiene such as washing hands, avoiding scratching the feet or touching fungal toe infections. [3]
Treatment
Treatment is usually with long-term topical antifungal medications. [5] If not resolving, terbinafine or itraconazole by mouth might be options. [5] Other options include clotrimazole, fluconazole and ketoconazole. [3]
Epidemiology
Tinea manuum is most common in young adult males. [3] Dermatophyte infections occur in up to a quarter of the world's population, of which the hands and feet are most commonly involved. [3] It occurs worldwide. [3] One large study revealed around 84% of tinea manuum was associated with athlete's foot, of which 80% admitted scratching their feet, and 60% were male, [6]
See also
References
- ^ Grossman, Sheila (2014). "61. Disorders of skin integrity and function". Porth's Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (9th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1545. ISBN 978-1-4511-4600-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g Johnstone, Ronald B. (2017). "25. Mycoses and Algal infections". Weedon's Skin Pathology Essentials (2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 441. ISBN 978-0-7020-6830-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Chamorro, Monica J.; House, Steven A. (10 August 2020). "Tinea Manuum". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32644474.
- ^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Tinea manuum". dermnetnz.org. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
- ^ a b c McFadden, John; Puangpet, Pailin; Pongpairoj, Korbkarn; Thaiwat, Supitchaya; Lee, Shan Xian (2020). "8. Elimination or inclusion of non-allergic skin diseases". Common Contact Allergens: A Practical Guide to Detecting Contact Dermatitis. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-119-40571-9.