Gedik Ahmet Pasha captures
Otranto, the southeast corner of
Italy as a base for further attacks on Italy (only to evacuate after the death of
Mehmet II).
Sultan Cem and
Bayezid II has experienced a struggle for the throne between. This event is important for the
Ottoman history. There has been standstill and internal conflicts.
Execution of
Şehzade Mustafa, the crown prince during the 12th campaign of Suleyman.
1555
Peace of Amasya signed with the
Safavid Empire.
Western Armenia (Eastern Anatolia), western
Georgia (incl. western
Samtskhe), and western Kurdistan fall in Ottoman hands. The latter also gained control over most of Mesopotamia (Iraq). Eastern Armenia, Eastern Georgia (incl. eastern Samtskhe), Dagestan, and Shirvan (present-day
Azerbaijan Republic) remain under Safavid rule.
Köprülü Mehmed Pasha is appointed Grand Vizier, inaugurating the
Köprülü political dynasty, a family of viziers, warriors, and statesmen who dominated the administration of the empire during the last half of the 17th century, an era known as the
Köprülü era (c. 1656–1703).
1658
Köprülü Mehmed carries out extensive purges of the imperial cavalry.
First private newspaper in Turkish published by
Agah Efendi.(Tercümen'ı Ahval).
1862
February 5
A united
Romanian autonomous state is established.
1875
October 30
Ottomans default on
their public debt, having first entered into loan contracts with its European creditors shortly after the beginning of the
Crimean War.
Italo-Turkish War: The Ottomans are defeated by
Italy in a short war, with the Italians gaining
Libya and ending the 340-year Ottoman presence in North Africa.
Siege of Kut. Ottoman defense just outside of Baghdad, leading to a major defeat for the British. Largest mass surrender of a British army since
Yorktown (American revolutionary war).[5]
1917
February 23
Russian Revolution occurs, ceasing hostilities in the Caucasus, allowing
Enver Pasha to establish the
Army of Islam and retake lands in eastern Anatolia from Russia, ultimately to pre-war borders.
1918
October 30
Armistice of Mudros, ending hostilities in the
Middle Eastern theater of
World War I, including Clause VII, stating that "The Allies to have the right to occupy any strategic points in the event of any situation arising which threatens the security of the Allies."[6] This clause was subsequently used by the Greeks, Italians, French, and British to occupy parts of Ottoman lands felt to be in their territorial interests.
1919
May 15
Greek troops
land in and occupy Izmir (classical Smyrna), with Allied approval. Greek atrocities begin on the local Turkish Muslim civilian population, leading to widespread Turkish disaffection.
^Helmolt, Ferdinand. The World's History, p.293. W. Heinemann, 1907.
^Fine, John. The Late Medieval Balkans, p. 410. University of Michigan Press, 1994.
ISBN0-472-08260-4.
^Marozzi, Justin, The Art of War: Great Commanders of the Ancient and Medieval World, Roberts, Andrew (ed.). Quercus Military History, 2008. p. 337.
ISBN978-1-84724-259-4
^Armstrong, Karen (2001). Islam: A Short History. London: Phoenix. pp. xxvi.
ISBN1-84212-583-4.