From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This timeline tries to compile dates of important historical events that happened in or that led to the rise of the
Middle East . The Middle East is the territory that comprises today's
Egypt , the
Persian Gulf states ,
Iran ,
Iraq ,
Israel and
Palestine ,
Cyprus ,
Jordan ,
Lebanon ,
Oman ,
Saudi Arabia ,
Syria ,
Turkey ,
United Arab Emirates , and
Yemen . The Middle East, with its particular characteristics, was not to emerge until the late
second millennium AD. To refer to a concept similar to that of today's Middle East but earlier in time, the term
ancient Near East is used.
This list is intended as a
timeline of the
history of the Middle East . For more detailed information, see
articles on the histories of individual countries . See
ancient Near East for ancient history of the Middle East.
Paleolithic period
16000 BC –
Kebaran period
13050 to 7050 BC –
Natufian culture
12500 BC – The world's oldest evidence of bread-making has been found at Shubayqa 1, in Jordan
11000 BC – The oldest known evidence of beer found in
Mount Carmel
Neolithic period
9th millennium B.C.
8th millennium BC
7th millennium BC
7000 to 6500 BC – early undecorated, unglazed and low-fired pottery in
Hassuna
7000 BC — settlements in
Byblos
7000 BC — Neolithic farmers start to move in to Europe, stimulating the European neolithic for over 3 thousand years
6000 to 4000 BC – invention of the
potter's wheel in
Mesopotamia
6th millennium BC
5th millennium BC
4500 BC – civilization of
Susa and
Kish in
Mesopotamia
4570 to 4250 BC –
Merimde culture on the
Nile
4400 to 4000 BC –
Badari culture on the Nile
4000 BC – first use of light wooden
ploughs in Mesopotamia
4000 BC – Egyptians discover how to make bread using
yeast
Ancient Near East
4th millennium BC
Overview map of the
Ancient Near East
4000 to 3000 BC – domestication of the
African wild ass in Egypt or Mesopotamia, producing the
donkey
4000 BC – city of
Ur in
Mesopotamia
4000 to 3100 BC –
Uruk period
4000 to 3000 BC –
Naqada culture on the
Nile
3760 BC –
date of creation according to some interpretations of Jewish chronology
3650 BC – The foundation of the city of
Gaziantep
3600 BC –
first civilization in the world:
Sumer (city-states) in modern-day southern
Iraq
[4]
3500 BC – City of
Ebla in Syria is founded
3500 to 3000 BC – one of the first appearances of wheeled vehicles in Mesopotamia
3500 BC – beginning of desertification of the
Sahara : the shift from a habitable region to a barren desert
3500 BC – first examples of
Sumerian
writing in Mesopotamia, in the cities of
Uruk and
Susa (
cuneiform writings)
3500 BC – first cities in
Egypt
3300 BC – Earliest
Cuneiform writings
3200 BC –
Iry-Hor reigns as pharaoh of Upper Egypt, the earliest historical person known by name
3100 BC – King
Narmer unifies the Upper and Lower Egyptian Kingdoms, and gives birth to the world's first
nation
3100 to 2686 BC –
early Dynastic Period (Egypt)
3100 BC – Earliest
hieroglyphs
3000 BC – The temple of Haddad in
Aleppo
3000 to 2800 BC – Earliest evidence of
Taxation found in
Egypt
3rd millennium BC
2nd millennium BC
1900 BC –
Hittites Old Kingdom in
Anatolia
1800 BC – civilization in
Canaan
1800 to 1200 BC – the emergence of the city of
Ugarit when it ruled a coastal kingdom, trading with Egypt, Cyprus, the Aegean, Syria, the Hittites, and others
1792 to 1750 BC – the reign of
Hammurabi of the First Babylonian Dynasty, extended control throughout Mesopotamia, known for the
Code of Hammurabi , one of the earliest codes of law
1775 to 1761 BC – the reign of
Zimri-Lim of
Mari , extended control throughout
Syria and
Upper Mesopotamia , he was allied to
Hammurabi
1763 to 1595 BC –
Paleo-Babylonian Empire
1725 to 1550 BC – Hyksos (Canaanite) domination of Egypt
1600 to 1360 BC – Egyptian domination over Canaan and
Syria
1594 BCE –
Kassites take
Babylon
1595 to 1155 BC –
Kassite dynasty
1550 to 1077 BC –
New Kingdom of Egypt
1500 to 1300 BC – Kingdom
Mitanni , a
Hurrian -speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia
1500 to 539 BC –
Phoenicia and the spread of their
alphabet from which almost all modern phonetic alphabets derived
1457 BC –
Battle of Megiddo
1380 to 1336 BC –
Shuppiluliuma , king of the Hittites who challenged
Egypt for control of the lands between the Mediterranean and the
Euphrates
1370 to 1200 BC –
Hittite Empire
1350 to 1050 BC –
Middle Assyrian Empire
The Oriental Empires about 600 BC
1300 BC – discovery of iron smelting and smithing techniques in
Anatolia or the
Caucasus : start of the
Iron Age
1300 to 125 BC –
Kingdom of Edom
1274 BC –
Battle of Kadesh between the
Egyptian Empire under
Ramesses II and the
Hittite Empire under
Muwatalli II ,
[8] largest
chariot battle ever fought
[9]
1259 BC –
Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty , the first peace treaty ever recorded in history
1245 to 1208 BC –
Tukulti-Ninurta I , king of Assyria, first native Mesopotamian ruler in
Babylon , took on the ancient title "King of Sumer and Akkad"
1237 BC –
Battle of Nihriya , resulting in
Assyrian victory over the
Hittites for control over remnants of the former
empire of Mitanni in
Asia Minor and
the Levant
1234 BC – Babylon taken by the Assyrians
1200 to 1050 BC –
Bronze Age collapse
1200 BC – oldest Phoenician alphabet inscription engraved on the
sarcophagus of King Ahiram
1200 to 884 BC –
Sea Peoples , conjectured groups of seafaring raiders, invaded
Anatolia ,
Syria ,
Canaan ,
Cyprus , and
Egypt
1200 to 546 BC –
Lydian Empire
1200 to 732 BC – Aramaean Kingdom of
Aram-Damascus
1190 BC –
Hattusha , capital of the Hittites, taken by the
Sea Peoples
1184 BC –
Fall of Troy
1180 to 700 BC –
Neo-Hittite kingdoms also known as
Syro-Hittite states
1155 BC –
Babylon taken by
Elamites
1100 to 539 BC –
Neo-Elamite period
1087 BC –
Babylon destroyed by
Assyrians
1070 BC to 350 AD –
Cushites , an ancient
African
Nubian kingdom in
Sudan
1102 to 850 BC – estimated period in which
Homer lived
1069 to 664 BC –
Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
1050 to 930 BC –
Kingdom of Israel
1041 BC – King
David captures
Jerusalem , designates it the capital of the united
Kingdom of Israel
1004 BC – King
Solomon lays the foundation for the
First Temple
1st millennium BC
927 BC –
Jerusalem becomes the capital of the (southern)
Kingdom of Judah after the split of the
United Monarchy
884 to 858 BC –
Ashurnasirpal II , king of Assyria, embarked on a vast program of expansion, known for his harshness, moved his capital to the city of
Kalhu (
Nimrod )
884 to 612 BC –
Neo-Assyrian Empire
800 to 480 BC –
Archaic period in Greece with the rise of the
city-states ,
Greek colonies , and
Epic Greek poetry: onset of
Classical Antiquity
776 BC – first
Olympic Games
745 to 727 BC –
Tiglath-Pileser III , king of Assyria who introduced advanced civil, military, and political systems into the empire
711 BC –
Sargon II conquers the kingdom of Israel and exiles the inhabitants of Samaria
710 BC –
Sargon II captures Babylonia
689 BCE –
Babylon destroyed by
Sennacherib , king of the
Assyria
677 BC –
Esarhaddon , king of Assyria, defeats the rebellion of Abdi-Milkutti, the king of the Phoenician state of Sidon
678 to 549 BC –
Median Empire
672 to 525 BC –
Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt
667 BC –
Ashurbanipal , king of Assyria, defeated the 25th Dynasty king Taharqa near Memphis
626 to 539 BC –
Chaldean Empire (
Neo-Babylonian Empire )
624 to 545 BC –
Thales of Miletus , first philosopher in
Ancient Greek philosophy , founder of the
Milesian school
612 BC –
Fall of Nineveh by a coalition
Babylonians ,
Medes ,
Persians ,
Chaldeans ,
Scythians , and
Cimmerians , leading to the destruction of the
Neo-Assyrian Empire
605 BC –
Battle of Carchemish between the Babylonians and the Egyptians allied with the remnants of the Assyrian army
609 BC –
Battle of Megiddo (609 BC) between
Necho II and
Josiah of Judea
597 BC – King
Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon capturing Jerusalem
587 BC – King
Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon destroys Jerusalem and
Solomon's Temple
570 to 495 BC –
Pythagoras , founder of
Pythagoreanism
600 or 576 – 530 BC –
Cyrus the Great conquered
Babylon and created the Persian
Achaemenid Empire
550 to 330 BC –
Achaemenid Empire
547 BC –
Battle of Pteria between the Lydian Empire and the Achaemenid empire
539 BC –
Fall of Babylon
537 BC – Cyrus allows the
Israelites to return from the
Babylonian captivity and rebuild the Temple
522 to 486 BC – reign of
Darius the Great , third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire
516 BC – completion of the
Second Temple
510 to 323 BC –
Classical Greek period with large annexations by the Persian Empire and a powerful influence on the
Roman Empire and
western civilization
500 BC –
Ionian Revolt
499 to 449 BC –
Greco-Persian Wars , finally won by the
Greek city-states
480 to 479 BC –
Xerxes invades Greece, start of
Second Persian invasion of Greece
477 BC – founding of the
Delian League , an association of Greek city-states under Athenian hegemony
431 to 404 BC –
Peloponnesian War between
Sparta and
Athens leading to the end of Athens' hegemony and weakening of Greece
353 to 350 BC –
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus is built in
Lydia , one of the seven wonders of the ancient world
334 to 262 BC –
Zeno of Citium , Founder of the Stoic school of philosophy
330 BC –
Alexander the Great conquered
Persia
323 to 31 BC –
Hellenistic period with Greek influence in
Europe ,
Africa , and
Asia , in the
arts ,
exploration ,
literature ,
theatre ,
architecture ,
music ,
mathematics ,
philosophy , and
science
316 to 240 AD –
Arcesilaus , founder of
Academic skepticism
300 BC – Foundation of the city of
Antioch by
Seleucus I Nicator
279 to 206 BC –
Chrysippus of
Soli , creator of the first system of
Propositional logic
247 BC to 224 AD –
Parthian Empire
230 to 140 BC –
Diogenes of Babylon ,
scholarch of the Stoic school in
Athens in 2nd century BC
190 to 120 BC –
Hipparchus ,
mathematician ,
astronomer and
geographer from
Bithynia who studied at
Alexandria and
Babylon . He discovered
Axial precession , and gave the first tables of chords, analogous to modern tables of
sine values, and used them to solve problems in trigonometry and
spherical trigonometry .
163 BC to 72 AD – Kingdom of
Commagene
150 to 75 BC –
Zeno of Sidon , Epicurean philosopher known through his pupil, Philodemus
132 BC to 214 AD – Kingdom of
Osroene
125 to 68 BC –
Antiochus of Ascalon , the pioneer of Middle Platonism
110 to 40/35 BC –
Philodemus Epicurean philosopher and poet, author of
ethics ,
theology ,
rhetoric ,
music ,
poetry and history of
philosophical schools
100 to 44 BC –
Julius Caesar
92 BC to 629 AD –
Roman–Persian Wars
64 BC to 24 AD –
Strabo ,
Greek
geographer ,
philosopher , and
historian from
Pontus ,
Asia Minor
63 BC –
Romans annex all of
Asia Minor ,
Syria and
Judea under
Pompey
48 BC to 642 AD –
Destruction of the Library of Alexandria , one of the largest and most significant
libraries of the ancient world
31 BC – Emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the
Battle of Actium
30 BC –
Romans annex
Egypt
20 BC to 50 AD –
Philo of Alexandria, prominent Hellenistic Jewish philosopher
4 BC – Birth of
Jesus of Nazareth
1st millennium AD
27/30 AD – The ministry of
Jesus of Nazareth starts
30 to 100 AD –
Apostolic Age , onset of
Christianity
37 to 100 AD –
Josephus , Famous first century Roman-Jewish philosopher-historian
50 AD –
Apollodorus of Damascus ,
Syrian
architect and
engineer who introduced several Eastern innovations to the Roman Imperial style, such as making the
dome a standard
60 to 120 AD –
Nicomachus , a
Neopythagorean who wrote about the mystical properties of numbers, and author of
Introduction to Arithmetic and Manual of Harmonics in
Greek
66 to 136 AD –
Jewish–Roman wars and
Jewish diaspora
129 to 216 AD –
Galen , a
physician ,
surgeon and
philosopher in the
Roman Empire from
Pergamon ,
Asia Minor
135 AD – Roman Emperor
Hadrian renamed
Iudaea Province into
Syria Palaestina
150 AD –
Albinus ,
Platonist philosopher, teacher of
Galen
160 to 210 AD –
Sextus Empiricus , Pyrrhonist philosopher and physician most likely from
Alexandria , author of most preserved accounts of
Pyrrhonism
175 242 AD –
Ammonius Saccas , one of the founders of
Neoplatonism
184 to 253 –
Origen , early Christian scholar and Church Father
200 AD –
Alexander of Aphrodisias , Peripatetic philosopher, author of Prior Analytics, Topics, Meteorology, Sense and Sensibilia, and Metaphysics
2nd century AD to 241 AD –
Kingdom of Hatra
204/5 to 270 –
Plotinus , the author of the Enneads, one of the founders of
Neoplatonism
240 AD –
Diogenes Laërtius , biographer of ancient
Greek philosophers, author of
Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers , a principal source for the history of ancient Greek philosophy.
285 to 628 AD –
Byzantine–Sasanian wars
300 to 602 AD – Kingdom of the
Lakhmids
330 to 1453 AD –
Byzantine Empire , continuation of the
Roman Empire in the east, until it fell to the
Ottoman Empire
376 AD –
large-scale irruption of
Goths and others, and the subsequent onset of the
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
394 AD –
Theodosius I suppressed the
Olympic Games as part of the campaign to impose
Christianity as the state religion
412 to 485 AD –
Proclus a Greek
Neoplatonist philosopher who set forth one of the most elaborate and fully developed systems of
Neoplatonism
5th century to 437 AD –
Syrianus , Neoplatonist philosopher, author of a commentary on the
Metaphysics of Aristotle and Plato's
Timaeus
450 to 520 –
Isidore of Alexandria one of the last
Neoplatonist philosophers
458 to 538 AD –
Damascius , the last of Neoplatonist philosophers
490 to 560 AD –
Simplicius of Cilicia , Neoplatonist philosopher and commentator on Aristotle's de Caelo, Physica Auscultatio, and Categories, as well as a commentary upon the Enchiridion of Epictetus.
490 to 570 AD –
John Philoponus , an Alexandrian philologist,
Aristotelian commentator and
Christian theologian, one of the first to propose a "
theory of impetus " similar to the modern concept of
inertia over Aristotelian dynamics
512 to 602 AD –
Justinian dynasty of
Eastern Roman Empire
Islamic Middle East
1st millennium AD
Ottoman Empire , 1481–1683
In blue, the
Arab Empire in its greatest extent and in yellow the four Christian empires.
570 – Birth of
Muhammad
573 - Birth of
Abu Bakr
585 - Birth of
Umar
573/576 - Birth of
Uthman
601 – Birth of
Ali
614 – Persecution of the Muslims by the
Quraish (
Migration to Abyssinia )
616 –
Second migration to Abyssinia
620 –
Ascension to the heavens
622 –
Constitution of Medina , establishment of the first Islamic state
624:
Battle of Badr , expulsion of the
Bani Qainuqa Jews from
Medina
626 –
Siege of Constantinople
629 to 1050 –
Arab–Byzantine wars
630 –
Conquest of Mecca
632 – Death of Muhammad, Designation of the
successor of Muhammad
632 to 661 –
Rashidun Caliphate
633 to 651 –
Muslim conquest of Persia
634 to 641 –
Muslim conquest of the Levant (Syria)
639 to 642 –
Muslim conquest of Egypt
642 to 799 –
Khazar-Arab Wars weaken the Umayyad army and contribute to the eventual
fall of the dynasty
642 to 870 –
Islamic conquest of Afghanistan
656 to 661 –
First Fitna (First Islamic Civil War)
660 – Construction of the
Great Mosque of Kufa
661 to 750 –
Umayyad Caliphate
670 to 742 –
Muslim conquest of North Africa
674 –
Siege of Constantinople (674–678) by the Umayyads against the Byzantines
680 – The
Battle of Karbala takes place, martyrdom of
Husayn ibn Ali , the grandson of the Prophet
Muhammad
680 to 692 –
Second Fitna (Second Islamic Civil War)
711 to 718 –
Umayyad conquest of Hispania
711 to 714 –
Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent
717 to 718 –
Siege of Constantinople (717-718)
719 to 759 –
Umayyad invasion of Gaul
738 –
Caliphate campaigns in India
746 to 750 –
Abbasid Revolution
750 to 1258 –
Abbasid Caliphate
750 to 950 –
Jabir ibn Hayyan , or anonymous authors writing under this name, pioneered
organic chemistry
766 to 869 –
Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi , the first mathematician to describe the trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent
770 to 840 –
Khwarizmi , developed
algebra
800 to 870 –
Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani , One of the prominent scientists involved in the calculation of the diameter of the Earth by the measurement of the meridian arc length along others
801 to 873 –
Al-Kindi , promoter of Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, introduced Indian numerals
810 –
House of Wisdom set up in
Baghdad , where
Greek and
Indian mathematical and astronomy works were translated into
Arabic
821 to 979 –
Iranian Intermezzo
821 to 873 –
Tahirid dynasty in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
827 to 902 –
Muslim conquest of Sicily
836 to 901 –
Thabit Ibn Qurra , discovered a theorem which enables pairs of
amicable numbers to be found
847 to 871 –
Emirate of Bari
850 to 934 –
Abu Zayd al-Balkhi , pioneer of mental health, medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine
858 to 929 –
Al-Battani ,
Syrian Arab mathematician and astronomer who introduced a number of
trigonometric relations such as tan θ
861 to 1003 –
Saffarid dynasty , an Iranian Persian empire
864 to 930 –
Al-Razi , advocate of hygiene and patients' psychology, wrote on
alkali ,
caustic soda , soap,
glycerine and
naphtha in "
Book of the Secret of Secrets "
872 to 950/951 –
Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneered social psychology and consciousness studies
874 to 941 –
Minor Occultation of the
Mahdi
875/819 to 999 –
Samanid dynasty , an Iranian empire
895 to 1004 –
Hamdanid dynasty of
Aleppo and
Mosul
899 to 976 –
Qarmatian revolution
909 –
Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah , founded the Fatimid Caliphate
909 to 1171 –
Fatimid Caliphate , originally based in Tunisia, spanned a vast area of the Arab lands, ultimately made Egypt its centre
928 – Construction of
Al-Hakim Mosque
929 to 1031 –
Caliphate of Córdoba , with the Iberian peninsula as an integral province, ruled from
Damascus
934 –
Imad al-Dawla rise to power and establishment of the
Buyid dynasty
934 to 1062 –
Buyid dynasty in Iran
936 to 1013 –
Al-Zahrawi , pioneer of surgery
941 – The
Major Occultation of the
Mahdi starts
942 to 979 –
Sallarid dynasty in Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia
945 –
Sayf al-Dawla rise to power
965 to 1091 –
Emirate of Sicily
965 to 1040 –
Ibn al-Haytham , Founded experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception as well as optics and experimental physics.
970 – foundation of
Al-Azhar University , oldest
Islamic institution for higher studies
980 to 1037 –
Avicenna , pioneer of
neuropsychiatry , thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness
990 to 1081 –
Numayrid dynasty of
Harran and
Raqqa
990 to 1096 –
Uqaylid dynasty of
Mosul
2nd millennium AD
1004 –
House of Knowledge built by the Fatimid caliph
Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah , said to have contained more than 1,600,000 books
1024 to 1080 –
Mirdasid dynasty of
Aleppo
1037 to 1194 – arrival of the Turkish
Seljuq Empire , and the subsequent end of Arab dominance
1044 or 1048 to 1123 –
Al-Khayyam gave a classification of
cubic equations with geometric solutions using
conic sections , extracted
roots using the Indian
decimal system
1096 to 1487 –
Crusades ; four crusader states are established in the region for more than two centuries: The
County of Edessa (1097–1150); the
Principality of Antioch (1098–1287), the
County of Tripoli (1102–1289), and the
Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291).
1100 to 1166 –
Muhammad al-Idrisi , known for having drawn some of the most advanced ancient world maps
1105 to 1185 –
Ibn Tufail , pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture, author of the first
Philosophical novel
1126 to 1198 –
Averroes pioneer of Parkinson disease, philosophical commentator
1136 to 1206 –
Ismail al-Jazari , Muslim
polymath : a
scholar ,
inventor ,
mechanical engineer ,
artisan ,
artist and
mathematician from
Jazira , He described the crankshaft that transforms continuous
rotary motion into a linear
reciprocating motion , and is central to modern machinery such as the
steam engine ,
internal combustion engine and
automatic controls .
1147 to 1269 –
Almohad Caliphate , a Moroccan Berber Muslim movement, started by
Ibn Tumart among the
Masmuda
1171 to 1260 –
Ayyubid dynasty
1192 to 1489 –
Kingdom of Cyprus
1201 to 1274 –
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi ,
Persian polymath who created very accurate tables of planetary motion, an updated planetary model, and critiques of
Ptolemaic astronomy . He is often considered the creator of
trigonometry as a
mathematical discipline in its own right, and he is believed to have influenced
Copernican heliocentrism
1204 –
Sack of Constantinople by the crusaders
1213 to 1288 –
Ibn Al-Nafis , discovered the lesser
circulatory system of the
heart and the
lungs , and described the mechanism of
breathing and its relation to the blood
1218 to 1221 –
Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia marked the beginning of the Mongol conquest of the Islamic states
1241 to 1244 –
Mongol invasions of Anatolia
1250 to 1517 –
Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo
1258 – Forces of the
Mongol Empire
sack Baghdad and destroy the
House of Wisdom , marking the end of the
Islamic Golden Age
1260 to 1323 –
Mongol invasions of the Levant
1260 – First major defeat the Mongols suffer at
Battle of Ain Jalut ,
Mongol invasion of the
Levant is halted
1261 to 1517 –
Abbasid Caliphate in
Cairo , symbolic title
1275 –
Hasan al-Rammah , Arab chemist and engineer who studied
gunpowders and
explosives , and sketched prototype instruments of warfare, including the first
torpedo . He also invented new types of
gunpowder , and he invented a new type of fuse and two types of lighters
1299 to 1923 –
rise of the Ottoman Empire
1300 – deportation of the last Muslims from
Lucera , Italy
1303 –
Battle of Marj al-Saffar , defeat for the Mongols, which put an end to
Ghazan Khan 's invasions of Syria
1332 to 1406 –
Ibn Khaldun , set the basis of social sciences such as demography, cultural history, historiography, philosophy of history, sociology and economics
1347 – a fleet of Genoese trading ships fleeing Caffa (
Theodosia ) reached the port of
Messina and spreads the
Black Death
1380 –
al-Kashi , contributed to development of
decimal fractions for approximating
algebraic numbers and
real numbers such as
pi
1393 to 1449 –
Ulugh Beg commissions an observatory at
Samarqand in
Uzbekistan
1394 to 1465 – Appearance of the
Arquebus , ancestor of modern firearms, in the
Ottoman Empire and
Europe
1453 –
Fall of Constantinople
1453 to 1550 –
Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire
1501 to 1736 –
Safavid Iran
1516 to 1517 –
Ottoman-Mamluk War , Ottomans seize Cairo in 1517
1526 to 1585 –
Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf , a
Syrian
polymath who built the
Constantinople observatory , the largest observatory of the medieval world. He described a
steam turbine with the practical application of rotating a
spit in 1551. He also had his own method of finding
coordinates of stars that was most precise at the time, and he proved the
law of reflection observationally. He authored more than ninety books on a variety of different subjects
1550 to 1700 –
Transformation of the Ottoman Empire
1700 to 1789 –
Ottoman ancien régime
1709 to 1738 –
Hotak dynasty of
Iran and
Afghanistan
1751 to 1794 –
Zand dynasty of
Iran
Contemporary Middle East
2nd millennium AD
1789 to 1925 –
Qajar Iran
1798 – Napoleon Bonaparte leads a
campaign in Egypt and Syria
1828 to 1914 –
Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire
1828 –
Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya , oldest newspaper ever established in
Egypt
1830 to 1950 –
Nahda or "Arab cultural renaissance"
1831 to 1833 –
First Egyptian-Ottoman War , Egypt under
Muhammad Ali seizes the
Levantine provinces
1834 to 1835 –
Syrian Peasant Revolt takes place in the
Levant , but is suppressed
1837 – The first newspaper in
Iran , Kaghaz-i Akhbar (The Newspaper), was created for the government by
Mirza Saleh Shirazi
1838 –
1838 Druze revolt
1839 to 1841 –
Egypt loses control over the Levantine provinces after the
Second Egyptian-Ottoman War
1840 –
Oriental Crisis of 1840
1840 –
Convention of London
1851 –
Darul Funun , one of the oldest modern universities in the Middle East, is established by
Amir Kabir
1860 –
Al-Jinan , an Arabic-language political and literary bi-weekly
magazine established in
Beirut by
Butrus al-Bustani , continues until 1886
1860 –
1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
1861 –
Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate is established
1862 to 1892 – development of the
internal combustion engine rivals the
steam engine , and ultimately makes
petroleum an important political factor in the following century
1869 – Construction of the
Suez Canal is completed
1875 –
Al-Ahram , second oldest and widest newspaper in circulation in
Egypt is established
1882 – British troops occupy Cairo,
Egypt becomes British protectorate
1888 –
Ibrahim al-Yaziji , a
Lebanese Christian writer, philologist, poet and journalist published a rich modern
Arabic translation of the
Bible . His works were also crucial to the establishment of the
Arabic
typewriter
1909 to 1921 – Arab nationalist organizations
Al-Fatat and
Al-'Ahd are established to liberate and unify
Arab territories that were under
Ottoman rule
1914 to 1918 –
Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
1917 –
Arthur Balfour , Foreign Minister of Great Britain, in a
letter to Lord Rothschild, gives British government approval to Zionist's goal of building a "national home" in Palestine
1918 to 1922 –
Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
1918 – Britain and France
occupy former Ottoman Empire lands
1919 to 1921 –
Franco-Syrian War
1919 to 1923 –
Asia Minor Catastrophe reshapes Anatolia, as continuous fighting incorporates the newly founded Republic of Turkey, Armenia, France, Greece
1920 –
Iraqi revolt against the British
1922 – Egypt is
granted nominal independence from the United Kingdom.
1922 to 1923 –
Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon and
British Mandate of Palestine and the
Emirate of Transjordan come into effect.
1924 – Abolition of the Caliphate as part of
Atatürk's Reforms
1925 to 1927 –
Great Syrian Revolt against the
French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
1925 –
Sheikh Said rebellion of Kurds against Turkey
1925 – Deposition of the
Qajar dynasty of
Iran
1927 to 1930 –
Ararat rebellion of Kurds, as
Republic of Ararat is declared, but dissolved upon defeat
1932 – Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia declared in unification of
Najd and
Hejaz
1933 to 1936 – Tribal revolts in Iraq of
Assyrians in Simele ,
Shia in the south and Kurds in the north
1934 –
Saudi–Yemeni War
1935 – Persia becomes
Iran
1936 to 1939 –
Arab revolt in Palestine
1937 –
Dersim rebellion , is the largest uprising of the Kurds against Turkey, massive casualties
1939 to 1945 –
Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre of World War II
1946 –
Emirate of Transjordan becomes
Kingdom of Jordan (named Transjordan until 1948)
1946 – Kurdish
Republic of Mahabad declared along with
Azerbaijan People's Government , but
defeated by Iranian military forces and dissolved
1947 – UN General Assembly
proposes to divide Palestine into an Arab and Jewish state
1948 –
Israel declares independence and
Arab–Israeli war erupts
1952 – After a
revolution in Egypt the monarchy is overthrown
1953 – The
coup d'état in Iran
1954 –
Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes president of Egypt
1954 –
Central Treaty Organization
1956 –
Suez Crisis
1961 –
First Iraqi–Kurdish War erupts in north Iraq.
1963 –
Ba'ath Party comes to power in
Iraq under the leadership of General
Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr and Colonel
Abdul Salam Arif
1964 –
Abdul Rahman Arif stages military coup in Iraq against the Ba'th Party and brings his brother,
Abdul Salam Arif , to power
1967 –
Six-Day War , Israel occupies the Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, West Bank and Gaza Strip
1967 – Kurds
revolt in Western Iran, the revolt is crushed
1968 – Ba'athists stage second military coup under General
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr ,
Saddam Hussein is made vice president of Iraq
1970 – Gamal Abdel Nasser dies;
Anwar Sadat becomes president of Egypt
1971 – The
Aswan High Dam is completed with
Soviet help in finance and construction; independence of
Kuwait ,
Qatar ,
Bahrain and the
UAE
1973 –
Yom Kippur War
1974 – The
PLO is allowed to represent the people of
Palestine in the
UN
1974 to 1975 –
Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
1975 to 1990 –
Lebanese Civil War
1976 –
Syria invades Lebanon
1978 –
Camp David Accords
1979 – Saddam Hussein becomes president of Iraq;
Iranian Revolution ;
Egypt–Israel peace treaty
1981 to 1989 –
Iran–Iraq War results in 1–1.25 million casualties, Iraq uses chemical weapons against Iran and rebel Kurds; large scale economic devastation and surge in oil prices affect the global world economy
1981 –
Assassination of Anwar Sadat
1982 – Israel invades Lebanon
1987 to 1990 –
First Intifada
1990 –
Iraq invades Kuwait
1991 – The
Gulf War
1993 –
Oslo Accords
1994 –
1994 civil war in Yemen
3rd millennium AD
2023 -
See also
References
^
"Which Society Cultivated Wheat First?" .
^ McTavish, E.J., Decker, J.E., Schnabel, R.D., Taylor, J.F. and Hillis, D.M.year=2013 (2013).
"New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 110 (15): E1398–406.
Bibcode :
2013PNAS..110E1398M .
doi :
10.1073/pnas.1303367110 .
PMC
3625352 .
PMID
23530234 . {{
cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link )
^
Carter, Robert (2012). "19". In Potts, D.T. (ed.).
A companion to the archaeology of the ancient Near East. Ch 19 Watercraft . Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 347–354.
ISBN
978-1-4051-8988-0 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 .
^ King, Leonid W. (2015) "A History of Sumer and Akkad" (
ISBN
1522847308 )
^ Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1981). The Camel (Camelus Dromedarius): A Bibliographical Review . International Livestock Centre for Africa Monograph. Vol. 5. Ethiopia: International Livestock Centre for Africa. pp. 1, 3, 20–21, 65, 67–68.
^ Scarre, Chris (15 September 1993). Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World . London: D. Kindersley. p. 176.
ISBN
978-1-56458-305-5 . Both the dromedary (the seven-humped camel of Arabia) and the Bactrian camel (the two-humped camel of Central Asia) had been domesticated since before 2000 BC.
^ Bulliet, Richard (20 May 1990) [1975]. The Camel and the Wheel . Morningside Book Series. Columbia University Press. p. 183.
ISBN
978-0-231-07235-9 . As has already been mentioned, this type of utilization [camels pulling wagons] goes back to the earliest known period of two-humped camel domestication in the third millennium B.C. —Note that Bulliet has many more references to early use of camels
^ near the modern village of
Al-Houz in Syria's
Al-Qusayr District . see Kitchen, K. A., "Ramesside Inscriptions", volume 2, Blackwell Publishing Limited, 1996, pp. 16–17.
^ Eggenberger, David (1985).
An Encyclopedia of Battles . Dover Publications. p.
214 .
ISBN
9780486249131 .