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== The director in theatre history ==
== The director in theatre history ==


In [[ancient Greece]], the birthplace of [[Europe]]an [[drama]], the [[writer]] bore principal responsibility for the staging of his plays. Actors would generally be semi-professionals, and the playwright-director oversaw the mounting of plays from the writing process all the way through to their performances, often - as was the case for [[Aeschylos]] for instance - also acting in them. He would also train the [[choir|chorus]], sometimes compose the music and supervise every aspect of production. The term applied to him, ''didaskalos'', the Greek word for "teacher," is indicative of how these early directors had to combine instruction of their performers with staging their work.<ref>Brocket, Oscar G.: ''History of the Theatre''. 8th ed. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 1999, p. 24</ref>
In [[ancient Greece]], the birthplace of [[Europe]]an [[drama]], the [[writer]] bore principal responsibility for the staging of his plays. Actors would generally be semi-professionals, and the playwright-director oversaw the mounting of plays from the writing process all the way through to their performances, often - as was the case for [[Aeschylos]] for instance - also acting in them. He would also train the [[choir|chorus]], sometimes compose the music and supervise every aspect of production. The term applied to him, ''didaskalos'', the Greek word for "teacher," is indicative of how these early directors had to combine instruction of their performers with staging their work.<ref>Brocket, Oscar G.: ''History of the Theatre''. 8th ed. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 1999, p. 24</refhell yeah
>


[[Image:Martyrdom of st Appolonia.jpg‎|thumb|Jean Fouquet: The Martyrdom of St. Appolonia (1460), depicting the staging of a mystery play, led by a theatre director]]In [[Medieval]] times, the complexity of [[vernacular]] religious drama, with its large scale [[mystery plays]] that often included crowd scenes, processions and elaborate effects, gave the role of director (or ''stage manager'' or ''pageant master'') considerable importance. A miniature by [[Jean Fouquet]] from 1460 (pictured) bares one of the earliest depictions of a director at work. Holding a prompt book, the central figure directs, with the aid of a long stick, the proceedings of the staging of a dramatization of the ''Martyrdom of [[Saint Appolonia]]''. According to Fouquet, the director's tasks included overseeing the erecting of a stage and scenery (there were no permanent, purpose-built theatre structures at this time, and performances of vernacular drama mostly took place in the open air), casting and directing the actors (which included fining them for those that infringed rules), and addressing the audience at the beginning of each performance and after each intermission.<ref>Brocket, ''op.cit.'', p. 96</ref>
[[Image:Martyrdom of st Appolonia.jpg‎|thumb|Jean Fouquet: The Martyrdom of St. Appolonia (1460), depicting the staging of a mystery play, led by a theatre director]]In [[Medieval]] times, the complexity of [[vernacular]] religious drama, with its large scale [[mystery plays]] that often included crowd scenes, processions and elaborate effects, gave the role of director (or ''stage manager'' or ''pageant master'') considerable importance. A miniature by [[Jean Fouquet]] from 1460 (pictured) bares one of the earliest depictions of a director at work. Holding a prompt book, the central figure directs, with the aid of a long stick, the proceedings of the staging of a dramatization of the ''Martyrdom of [[Saint Appolonia]]''. According to Fouquet, the director's tasks included overseeing the erecting of a stage and scenery (there were no permanent, purpose-built theatre structures at this time, and performances of vernacular drama mostly took place in the open air), casting and directing the actors (which included fining them for those that infringed rules), and addressing the audience at the beginning of each performance and after each intermission.<ref>Brocket, ''op.cit.'', p. 96</ref>

Revision as of 15:38, 2 March 2010

A theatre director or stage director is a practitioner in the theatre field who oversees and orchestrates the mounting of a theatre production (a play, an opera, a musical, or a devised piece of work) by unifying various endeavours and aspects of production. The director's function is to ensure the quality and completeness of theatre production and to lead the members of the creative team into realising their artistic vision for it. The director therefore collaborates with a team of creative individuals and other staff, coordinating research, stagecraft, costume design, props, lighting design, acting, set design and sound design for the production. If the production he or she is mounting is a new piece of writing or a (new) translation of a play, the director may also work with the playwright or translator. In contemporary theatre, the director is generally the primary visionary, making decisions on the artistic concept and interpretation of the text and its staging. Different directors occupy different places of authority and responsibility, depending on the structure and philosophy of individual theatre companies. Directors utilize a wide variety of techniques, philosophies, and levels of collaboration.

The director in theatre history

In ancient Greece, the birthplace of European drama, the writer bore principal responsibility for the staging of his plays. Actors would generally be semi-professionals, and the playwright-director oversaw the mounting of plays from the writing process all the way through to their performances, often - as was the case for Aeschylos for instance - also acting in them. He would also train the chorus, sometimes compose the music and supervise every aspect of production. The term applied to him, didaskalos, the Greek word for "teacher," is indicative of how these early directors had to combine instruction of their performers with staging their work.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

From Renaissance times up until the 19th century, the role of director was often carried by the so-called actor-manager. This would usually be a senior actor in a troupe who took the responsibility for choosing the repertoire of work, staging it and managing the company. This was the case for instance with Commedia dell'Arte companies and English actor-managers like Colley Cibber and David Garrick.

A portrait of Constantin Stanislavski by Valentin Serov.

The modern theatre director can be said to have originated from the staging of elaborate spectacles of the Meininger Company, large scale theatre productions staged by Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. The management of large numbers of extras and complex stagecraft matters necessitated an individual to take on the role of overall coordinator.[1] This gave rise to the role of the director in modern theatre, and Germany would provide a platform for a generation of emerging visionary theatre directors, such as Erwin Piscator and Max Reinhardt. Simultaneously, Constantin Stanislavski, principally an actor-manager, would set up the Moscow Art Theatre in Russia and similarly emancipate the role of the director as artistic visionary.

The French regisseur is also sometimes used to mean a stage director. This is most common in ballet. A more common term for theatre director in French is metteur en scène.

Post World War II , the actor-manager slowly started to disappear, and directing become a fully fledged artistic activity within the theatre profession. The director originating artistic vision and concept, and realizing the staging of a production, became the norm rather than the exception. Great forces in the emancipation of theatre directing as a profession were notable 20th century theatre directors like Peter Brook, Peter Hall (Britain), Bertolt Brecht (Germany) and Giorgio Strehler (Italy).

A cautionary note was introduced by famed director Sir Tyrone Guthrie who said "the only way to learn how to direct a play, is ... to get a group of actors simple enough to allow you to let you direct them, and direct."[Citation?]

Well-known theatre directors

Directing education

Because of the relatively late emergence of theatre directing as a performing arts profession when compared to for instance acting or musicianship, a rise of professional vocational training programes in directing can be seen mostly in the second half of the 20th century. Most European countries nowadays know some form of professional directing training, usually at drama schools or conservatoires, or at universities. In Britain, the tradition that theatre directors emerge from degree courses (usually in English literature) at the Oxbridge universities has meant that for a long time, professional vocational training did not take place at drama schools or performing arts colleges, although an increase in training programmes for theatre directors can be witnessed since the 1970s and 1980s.

As with many other professions in the performing arts, theatre directors would often learn their skills "on the job"; to this purpose, theatres often employ trainee assistant directors or have in-house education schemes to train young theatre directors. Examples are the Royal National Theatre in London, that frequently organizes short directing courses, or the Donmar Warehouse on London's West End, that employs resident assistant directors on a one-year basis for training purposes.

Styles of directing

Directing is an artform that has grown with the development of theatre theory and theatre practice. With the emergence of new trends in theatre, so too have directors adopted new methodologies and engaged in new practices. Generally speaking, directors adopt a style of directing that falls into one or more of the following categories:[dubious – discuss]

The dictator
In this style of directing, the director has a strongly assertive role and is very dominant in the process of creating a theatrical work. Rehearsals are more or less fully controlled and predictable, with the actors having little or no say.
The negotiator
'The negotiator' is a style of direction in which the director focuses on a more improvised and mediated form of rehearsal and creation, using the ideas of the production team and actors to shape a theatrical work in quite a democratic style.
The creative artist
The director sees himself or herself as a creative artist working with the 'materials' of dramatic creativity, be they the actors, designers and production team. The "creative artist" wants input from the actors but, as artist, has final say over what is included and how ideas are incorporated.
The confrontationalist
In this style of directing, the director is in constant dialogue and debate with the cast and the production team about creative decisions and interpretations. The director seeks out and actively engages in such exchanges. Out of these exchanges, which can sometimes be heated or risky, comes a final contested product.

Many contemporary directors use a creative amalgam of styles, depending on the genre of the theatrical work, the nature of the project and the type of cast.

Once a show has opened (premiered before a regular audience), theatre directors are generally considered to have fulfilled their function. From that point forward the stage manager is left in charge of all essential concerns.

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ Russel Brown, John (ed): The Oxford Illustrated History of Theatre. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 334
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