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Philosophy of the Unconscious
Author Eduard von Hartmann
Original titlePhilosophie des Unbewussten
TranslatorW. C. Coupland
CountryGermany
LanguageGerman
Subject Unconscious mind
Published
  • 1869 (Duncker, in German)
  • 1884 (in English)
Media typePrint ( Hardcover and Paperback)
ISBN 978-1440050282

Philosophy of the Unconscious: Speculative Results According to the Induction Method of the Physical Sciences ( German: Philosophie des Unbewussten) is an 1869 book by the philosopher Eduard von Hartmann. [1] The culmination of the speculations and findings of German romantic philosophy in the first two-thirds of the 19th century, Philosophy of the Unconscious became famous. [2] By 1882, it had appeared in nine editions. [3] A three volume English translation appeared in 1884. [4] The English translation is more than 1100 pages long. [5] The work influenced Sigmund Freud's and Carl Jung's theories of the unconscious. [4] [6]

Reception

Philosophy of the Unconscious was translated from German into French and English, and went through many editions in all three languages, exerting a great influence on European culture and helping to make the idea of the unconscious familiar and accepted by the close of the 19th century. [7] The work was widely read. [8] Philosophy of the Unconscious received a critical discussion in the philosopher Franz Brentano's Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874); Brentano commented that Hartmann's definition of consciousness perhaps referred to "something purely imaginary" and certainly did not agree with his definition of consciousness. [9]

The philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche described Hartmann's book as a "philosophy of unconscious irony", in his On the Use and Abuse of History for Life, one of the essays included in Untimely Meditations (1876). In Nietzsche's words: "Take a balance and put Hartmann's 'Unconscious' in one of the scales, and his 'World-process' in the other. There are some who believe they weigh equally; for in each scale there is an evil word—and a good joke." [10]

Hartmann's work has been seen as preparing the way for Freud's later theory of the unconscious. [4] Freud consulted Philosophy of the Unconscious while writing The Interpretation of Dreams (1899), [6] in which he called Hartmann the firmest opponent of the theory that dreams are wish fulfillments. [11] The philosopher Hans Vaihinger was influenced by Philosophy of the Unconscious, relating in his The Philosophy of 'As if' (1911) how it led him to Schopenhauer. [12] The psychiatrist Henri Ellenberger writes in The Discovery of the Unconscious (1970) that the main interest of Hartmann's work is not its philosophical theories, but its wealth of supporting material. [2]

The psychologist Hans Eysenck writes in Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire (1985) that Hartmann's version of the unconscious is very similar to Freud's. [5] The philosopher Roger Scruton described Philosophy of the Unconscious as the "first major treatise" about the unconscious in Sexual Desire (1986). He credited Hartmann with offering a "canny and vigorous" description of sexual desire, but nevertheless considered him unsuccessful in explaining its intentionality. [13] John Kerr writes that Hartmann's ideas about "destruction and transformation" parallel those of psychoanalyst Sabina Spielrein. [14] The Italian poet Giovanni Pascoli was influenced by Philosophy of the Unconscious in his poetics program, "Il fanciullino" ("The child", 1897). [15]

English translation

The first English translation by W. C. Coupland [16] was published in 1884, with the title Philosophy of the Unconscious, a literal translation of the German title. It is currently available as a reprint with the same title. [17]

See also

References

  1. ^ Full title "Philosophie des Unbewussten: Speculative Resultate nach inductiv-naturwissenschaftlicher Methode (speculative results according to the inductive method of physical science) (original sub-title in 1st edn 1869: Versuch einer Weltanschauung): cited by Sebastian Gardner, "Eduard von Hartmann's Philosophy of the Unconscious, chapter 7 of "Thinking the Unconscious, Nineteenth-Century German Thought", ed. Nicholls and Liebscher, Cambridge University Press, 2010. [1]
  2. ^ a b Ellenberger, Henri F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books. pp.  209–210. ISBN  0-465-01672-3.
  3. ^ Dufresne, Todd (2000). Tales from the Freudian Crypt: The Death Drive in Text and Context. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 88. ISBN  0-8047-3885-8.
  4. ^ a b c Stack, George J. (1999). Audi, Robert (ed.). The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 363. ISBN  0-521-63722-8.
  5. ^ a b Eysenck, Hans (1986). Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 33. ISBN  0-14-022562-5.
  6. ^ a b Sulloway, Frank (1979). Freud, Biologist of the Mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend. London: Burnett Books. p. 253. ISBN  0-233-97177-7.
  7. ^ Stevens, Anthony (1991). On Jung. London: Penguin Books. p.  12. ISBN  0-14-012494-2.
  8. ^ Smith, Roger (1997). The Norton History of the Human Sciences. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p.  401. ISBN  0-393-31733-1.
  9. ^ Brentano, Franz (1995). Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint. London: Routledge. p. 104. ISBN  0-415-10661-3.
  10. ^ Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Use and Abuse of History for Life, trans. (revised edition 2010) by Ian Johnston. [2]
  11. ^ Freud, Sigmund; Robertson, Ritchie (1999). The Interpretation of Dreams. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.  106. ISBN  0-19-210049-1.
  12. ^ Vaihinger, Hans (1968). The Philosophy of 'As If'. Fakenham: Cox & Wyman. p. xxviii.
  13. ^ Scruton, Roger (1994). Sexual Desire. London: Phoenix. pp. 194–195. ISBN  1-85799-100-1.
  14. ^ Kerr, John (2012). A Dangerous Method. London: Atlantic Books. p. 590. ISBN  978-0-85789-178-5.
  15. ^ Elio Gioanola, Giovanni Pascoli: sentimenti filiali di un parricida, Jaca Book, 2000, p.18.
  16. ^ Author of The elements of mental and moral science as applied to teaching, by W. C. Coupland, published London, 1889 [3]
  17. ^ Such as published by Routledge, 2010, ISBN  9780415613866, and by Nabu Press, 2010, ISBN  1146864655

External links

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