The National Maritime Museum (NMM) is a
maritime museum in
Greenwich, London. It is part of
Royal Museums Greenwich, a network of museums in the
Maritime GreenwichWorld Heritage Site. Like other publicly funded national museums in the United Kingdom, it has no general admission charge; there are admission charges for most side-gallery temporary exhibitions, usually supplemented by many loaned works from other museums.
Creation and official opening
The museum was created by the National Maritime Museum Act 1934[2] under a Board of Trustees, appointed by
HM Treasury. It is based on the generous donations of
Sir James Caird (1864–1954).
King George VI formally opened the museum on 27 April 1937 when his daughter
Princess Elizabeth accompanied him for the journey along the Thames from London. The first director was Sir
Geoffrey Callender.[3]
Collection
Since the earliest times
Greenwich has had associations with the sea and navigation. It was a landing place for the Romans,[4]Henry VIII lived here,[5] the Navy has roots on the waterfront,[6] and
Charles II founded the
Royal Observatory in 1675 for "finding the longitude of places".[7] The home of
Greenwich Mean Time and the
Prime Meridian since 1884, Greenwich has long been a centre for astronomical study, while navigators across the world have set their clocks according to its time of day. The museum has the most important holdings in the world on the history of Britain at sea, comprising more than two million items, including maritime art (both British and 17th-century Dutch), cartography, manuscripts including official public records, ship models and plans, scientific and navigational instruments, and instruments for time-keeping and astronomy (based at the Observatory). Its holdings including paintings relating to
Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson and
Captain James Cook.[8]
An active loans programme ensures that items from the collection are seen in the UK and abroad.[9]
The museum aims to achieve a greater understanding of British economic, cultural, social, political and maritime history and its consequences in the world today. The museum plays host to various exhibitions, including Ships Clocks & Stars in 2014, Samuel Pepys: Plague, Fire, Revolution in 2015 and Emma Hamilton: Seduction and Celebrity in 2016.[10][11][12]
The collection of the National Maritime Museum also includes items taken from the German
Naval Academy Mürwik after World War II, including several ship models, paintings and flags. The museum has been criticized for possessing what has been described as "
looted art".[13][14][15][16][17] The museum regards these cultural objects as "
war trophies", removed under the provisions of the
Potsdam Conference.[18]
The museum awards the Caird Medal annually in honour of its major donor, Sir James Caird.[19]
In late August 2018, several groups were vying for the right to purchase the 5,500
RMS Titanic relics that were an asset of the bankrupt
Premier Exhibitions.[20] Eventually, the National Maritime Museum,
Titanic Belfast and Titanic Foundation Limited, as well as
National Museums Northern Ireland, joined together as a consortium that was raising money to purchase the 5,500 artifacts. The group intended to keep all of the items together as a single exhibit. The oceanographer
Robert Ballard said that he favoured this bid as it would ensure that the memorabilia would be permanently displayed in Belfast (where the Titanic was built) and in
Greenwich.[20] The museums were critical of the bid process set by the Bankruptcy Court in Jacksonville, Florida. The minimum bid for the auction on 11 October 2018 was set at US$21.5 million (£16.5m) and the consortium did not have enough funding to meet that amount.[21][22]
The gardens immediately to the north of the museum were reinstated in the late 1870s following construction of the
cut-and-covertunnel between
Greenwich and
Maze Hill stations. The tunnel comprised part of the final section of the
London and Greenwich Railway and opened in 1878.[24]
A full redevelopment of the main galleries, centring on what is now the Neptune Court, which was designed by Rick Mather Architects and funded by the
Heritage Lottery Fund, was completed in 1999.[25]
In 2008, the museum announced that the Israeli shipping magnate
Sammy Ofer had donated £20m for a new gallery.[26]
For a year between 2016 and 2017 the National Maritime Museum reported 2.41 million visitors.[27]
Prince Philip Maritime Collections Centre
The museum has an additional site, the
Prince Philip Maritime Collections Centre in
Kidbrooke, opened in 2018. This houses approximately 70,000 items from the collection, and offers guided tours.[28][29]
The Caird Medal was instituted in 1984 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the National Maritime Museum Act 1934 that established the museum. The medal is awarded annually to "an individual who, in the opinion of the Trustees of the National Maritime Museum, has done conspicuously important work in the field of the Museum's interests and is of a nature which involves communicating with the public." The medal is named for Sir James Caird (1864–1954), the principal donor at the founding of the National Maritime Museum.[19]
The
National Maritime Museum Cornwall is a fully independent museum, a development of the original FIMI (Falmouth International Maritime Initiative) partnership created in 1992 and the result of collaboration between the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich and the former Cornwall Maritime Museum in
Falmouth.[46]
^ODNB article by Michael Lewis, 'Callender, Sir Geoffrey Arthur Romaine (1875–1946)’, rev. H. C. G. Matthew, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,
Oxford University Press, 2004
[1] accessed 23 September 2007.
^"The Art Newspaper". Archived from
the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2009. How the London Maritime Museum rebuffed a German claim in 1965.] The Art Newspaper. 1 February 2007
^
abR. J. B. KNIGHT, HONOR FROST, ERIC RIETH, MICHAEL WEBB, N. A. M. RODGER, DAVID H. ROBERTS, RICHARD BARKER, ALEXANDER FLINDER & LAWRENCE PHILLIPS (1989) (1989). "NOTES". The Mariner's Mirror. 75 (3): 210–276.
doi:
10.1080/00253359.1989.10656259.{{
cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)