Location | Byblos |
---|---|
Coordinates | 34°07′08″N 35°38′50″E / 34.11889°N 35.64722°E |
Site notes | |
Excavation dates | 1922 |
The Temple of the Obelisks ( French: Temple aux Obelisques, Arabic: معبد الأنصاب maebad al'ansab), also known as the L-shaped Temple and Temple of Resheph [1] was an important Bronze Age temple structure in the World Heritage Site of Byblos. [2] It is considered "perhaps the most spectacular" of the ancient structures of Byblos. [3] It is the best preserved building in the Byblos archaeological site. [4]
Almost all of the artefacts found in the excavation of the temple are displayed at the National Museum of Beirut. [3] It was excavated by French archaeologist Maurice Dunand from 1924-73. The original temple is now in two parts: the base is known as "the L-shaped temple", and the top is known as the "Temple of the Obelisks"; the latter was moved 40 meters east during Maurice Dunand's excavations. [2]
Dunand uncovered 1306 Byblos figurines – ex-voto offerings, including faience figurines, weapons, and dozens of bronze-with-gold-leaf figurines – which have become the "poster child" of the Lebanese Tourism Ministry. [5]
The L-shaped Temple was constructed around 2600 BCE, [6] two centuries after the construction of the Temple of Baalat Gebal (approximately 100m to the west) had been built. [6] It was named the " L-shaped" temple by Dunand, as its two rooms and the courtyard were arranged in such a shape. [6]
The temple had well built walls and temples, in contrast to the later Obelisk temple. [2] It is thought that the L-shaped temple was burned down at the end of the Early Bronze Age. [7]
The Temple of the Obelisks was constructed around 1600 BCE [ citation needed] on top of the L-shaped temple, retaining its general outline. [2] The temple's name, given by Dunand, refers to a number of obelisks and standing stones located in a court around the cella. [7] The Abishemu obelisk has been interpreted to include a dedication to Resheph, a Canaanite war god, although this is disputed. [7] Another obelisk has a hieroglyphic inscription Middle Bronze Age king of Byblos Ibishemu, praising the Egyptian god Heryshaf. [7]
Since it had been built on top of the L-shaped temple, it was necessary for Dunand to dismantle and move this upper temple in order to excavate the L-shaped temple beneath. [2]
In contrast to the L-shaped temple beneath, the Obelisk Temple was built with irregular walls. [2]
The temple was first identified by Dunand. [8] [7] The majority of the obelisks found were underground in their original positions, standing upright, while a few others were discovered buried in a favissa (a well for votive deposits). [7]