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LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity | Recognition of same-sex unions | Same-sex marriage | Adoption by same-sex couples | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws |
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Russia |
Fully legal since 1993
[1]
[2] Illegal de facto in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation. |
Constitutional ban since 2020 [3] | [4] | Gender change has not been legal since 2023 [5] |
LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity | Recognition of same-sex unions | Same-sex marriage | Adoption by same-sex couples | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws |
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Kazakhstan | Legal since 1998 [2] | Since 2022 [6] | [7] | |||||
Kyrgyzstan | Legal since 1998 [2] | Constitutional ban since 2016 [8] | Requires sex reassignment surgery [9] [7] | |||||
Tajikistan | Legal since 1998 [2] | Requires sex reassignment surgery [10] [7] | ||||||
Turkmenistan |
Illegal for Males since 1927 Penalty: up to 2 years imprisonment. |
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Uzbekistan |
Illegal for Males since 1926 Penalty: up to 3 years imprisonment. |
LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity | Recognition of same-sex unions | Same-sex marriage | Adoption by same-sex couples | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws |
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Abkhazia (Disputed territory) |
Legal | |||||||
Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) |
Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign. [2] |
Civil partnerships since 2005 | Legal since 2014 | UK responsible for defence | Bans some anti-gay discrimination [11] | |||
Armenia |
Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign. [2] |
Constitutional ban since 2015 [12] [13] | LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. | [14] | ||||
Azerbaijan | Legal since 2000 [2] | |||||||
Bahrain | Legal since 1976 [2] | Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. [15] | ||||||
Cyprus |
Legal since 1998 + UN decl. sign. [2] |
Civil cohabitation since 2015 [16] | [17] | Bans some anti-gay discrimination [18] |
Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity.
[19] Gender change is not legal. |
/ | ||
Egypt |
/
Ambiguous. Male
de jure legal, but
de facto illegal since 2000 Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without fines under broadly-written morality laws. [2] [20] |
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Georgia |
Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign. [2] |
Constitutional ban passed but yet to take effect | Bans all anti-gay discrimination [21] | Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change [22] | ||||
Iran |
Illegal Penalty: 74 lashes for immature men and death penalty for mature men (Although there are documented cases of minors executed because of their sexual orientation) [23]. For women, 100 lashes for women of mature sound mind and if consenting. Death penalty offense after fourth conviction. [2] |
Legal gender recognition legal if accompanied by a medical intervention [24] | ||||||
Iraq | / Ambiguous. De jure legal since 1969, but de facto repressed [25] | |||||||
Israel |
Legal since 1963 (de facto), 1988 (de jure)
[26] + UN decl. sign. [2] [27] |
Unregistered cohabitation since 1994. | / Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized and recorded in the population registry | Permitted by law since 2008, [28] but in practice not possible in nearly every case [29] | Since 1993; Includes transgender people [30] | Bans all anti-gay discrimination [31] [32] [33] | Almost full recognition of gender's ID without a surgery or medical intervention (Excluding changing gender and name in birth certificate) ; [34] equal employment opportunity law bars discrimination based on gender identity [35] [36] [37] | [38] [39] |
Jordan | Legal [2] | Allowed since 2014 [40] | ||||||
Kuwait |
Male illegal Penalty: Fines or up to 6-year prison sentence. Female always legal [2] [41] |
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Lebanon |
/
Ambiguous. Illegal under Article 534 of the Penal Code. Some judges have ruled not to prosecute individuals based on the law, however, this has not been settled by the Supreme Court and thus homosexuality is still illegal.
[42] However, a 2017 court ruling claims that it is legal, but the law against it is still in place. Penalty: Up to 1 year imprisonment (rarely enforced). |
Legal gender change allowed, but sex reassignment surgery required [43] | ||||||
Northern Cyprus (Disputed territory) |
Legal since 2014 [44] [45] [2] | Bans all anti-gay discrimination [44] [45] | Legal, requires surgery for change [46] | |||||
Oman |
Illegal Penalty: Fines and prison sentence up to 3 years (Only enforced when dealing with "public scandal"). [2] |
Laws against forms of gender expression. | ||||||
Palestine |
West Bank: Legal [2] Gaza: No consensus on legal applicability of British 1936 Sexual offences provisions to homosexual conduct [47] [48] [49] [50] |
West Bank: Gaza: |
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Qatar |
Illegal Penalty: Fines, up to 7 years imprisonment [2] Death penalty for Muslims. |
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Saudi Arabia |
Illegal Penalty: Prison sentences of several months to life, fines, castration, torture or death can be sentenced on first conviction. A second conviction merits execution. Homosexuality itself, not just performed acts, can be considered illegal in Saudi Arabia. [2] |
Laws against forms of gender expression. | ||||||
South Ossetia (Disputed territory) |
Legal | |||||||
Syria |
Illegal Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment (Law de facto suspended) [51] [2] |
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Turkey | Legal since 1858 [2] | LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. | Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change [52] | |||||
United Arab Emirates | Death, life in prison, floggings, [53] fines, deportation, chemical castration, [54] [55] forced psychological treatments, [56] honor killings, [54] vigilante executions, [57] [58] beatings, [59] [60] forced anal examinations, [61] forced hormone injections, [62] and torture. [59] [63] | In September 2016, the Government passed Federal Decree No 4, a series of changes to reduce doctors' criminal liability. The new law allows doctors to perform medical intervention on intersex people so as to "correct" their sex, effectively removing either the male or female genitalia. Sex reassignment surgery remains illegal. [64] [65] [66] Laws used to criminalize gender expression. | ||||||
Yemen |
Illegal (codified in 1994) Penalty: Unmarried men punished with 100 lashes of the whip or a maximum of one year of imprisonment, stoning for adultery is not enforced. Women punished up to three years of imprisonment; where the offense has been committed under duress, the punishment is up to seven years detention. [2] |
LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity | Recognition of same-sex unions | Same-sex marriage | Adoption by same-sex couples | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan |
Illegal Penalty: Death penalty [67] |
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Bangladesh |
Illegal since 1862 Penalty: 10 years to life imprisonment (Occasionally enforced). [2] [68] |
A third gender option ( hijra) besides male and female is available [69] | ||||||
Bhutan | Legal since 2021 [70] | |||||||
British Indian Ocean Territory ( Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) |
Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign. [2] |
Civil partnerships since 2005 | Legal since 2014 | UK responsible for defense | ||||
India | Legal since 2018 [71] | / symboic live-In relationships exist [72] | / Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited by court decision. No nationwide law. [73] [74] [75] | A third gender option ( hijra) besides male and female is available; transgender people have a constitutional right to change gender, only after medical/surgical intervention [76] [75] | ||||
Maldives |
Illegal (codified in 2014) Penalty: Up to 8 years imprisonment, house arrest, lashings and fines. (unenforced) [77] LGBTQ welcomed in tourist islands [78] |
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Nepal |
Legal since 2007 + UN decl. sign. [2] |
[79] [80] | [79] [80] | Since 2007[ citation needed] | / indirect protections under the category "gender minorities" | / Change to third gender "O" legal since 2007, unable to change to male or female [81] | ||
Pakistan |
Illegal since 1862 Penalty: 2 years to life sentence (Occasionally enforced). [2] [82] |
Transphobia illegal | Right to change gender; transgender and intersex citizens have legal protections from all discrimination and harassment [83] | |||||
Sri Lanka |
Illegal since 1885 Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment with fines. [2] (Ruled unenforcable by the Supreme Court) Legalization proposed |
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender without surgery |
LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity | Recognition of relationships | Same-sex marriage | Adoption by same-sex couples | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China | Legal since 1997 [2] | / "Legal guardianship" since 2017 | / (Open displays prohibited)[ citation needed] | / Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. However, it is difficult to change the gender information of educational attainments and academic degrees for lack of legal procedures, even after sex reassignment surgery [84], which has caused discrimination against well-educated trans women [85]. | ||||
Hong Kong | Legal since 1991 [2] | / Same-sex marriages registered overseas for government benefits and taxation, and limited recognition of local cohabiting partners | LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [86] | The central government of China is responsible for the defense of Hong Kong. [87] | Bans some anti-gay discrimination (government discrimination only) | Surgery not required since 2023 in accordance to a court ruling [88] | ||
Japan |
Legal since 1882 + UN decl. sign. [2] |
* Symbolic recognition in some jurisdictions. | Proposed [89] | The Japan Self-Defense Forces allow gay people to enlist. [90] | / No nationwide protections, but some cities ban some anti-gay discrimination [2] | Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery | ||
Macau | Legal since 1996 | The central government of China is responsible for the defence of Macau. | Bans some anti-gay discrimination | |||||
Mongolia |
Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign. [2] |
Constitutional ban since 1992 | Bans some anti-gay discrimination | Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but only after sex reassignment surgery | / | |||
North Korea |
/
Ambiguous, punishable through Articles 193 and 262 regarding obscenity and decency laws.[
dubious ] Penalty: Unknown |
10-year celibacy required for all soldiers. [91] Open displays of LGBT attitudes are prohibited. | ||||||
South Korea |
Legal + UN decl. sign. [2] |
Proposed [92] | / Protection from discrimination varies by jurisdiction in some areas, including Seoul | Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but usually requires sex reassignment surgery | ||||
Taiwan | Legal [93] | [94] | Legal since 2019 [95] [96] [97] |
Stepchild adoption since 2019 Joint adoption legal since 2023 [98] |
Constitutionally bans all anti-gay discrimination from government [99]; several laws banning anti-gay discrimination regarding education and employment. [100] [101] | Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. [a] |
LGBT rights in | Same-sex sexual activity | Recognition of relationships | Same-sex marriage | Adoption by same-sex couples | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aceh (autonomous territory of Indonesia) |
Illegal Penalty: 100 strokes of the cane or 8 years in prison [103] |
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples | The central government of Indonesia is responsible for the defense of Aceh. | Follows the law of the central Indonesian government. | Follows the law of the central Indonesian government. | |||
Brunei |
Illegal since 1908 Penalty: Death by stoning (in abeyance), 1 year imprisonment and 100 lashes for men. Caning and 10 years prison for women. [104] |
Laws prohibit forms of gender expression. | ||||||
Cambodia | Legal [2] | / Partnerships recognized in certain cities | There has been at least one recorded case of a legally registered and recognized same-sex marriage; constitutional ban since 1993 | / Officially banned, but numerous same-sex adoptions have taken place | [105] | |||
East Timor |
Legal since 1975 + UN decl. sign. [2] |
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples | Bans some anti gay discrimination, Hate crime protections since 2009. [106] | |||||
Indonesia | Legal (except in Aceh) [2] [107] | LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples | Not explicitly prohibited by Law (de jure), Illegal (de facto) | Limited protection following legal process by the authorities. [108] | Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. | |||
Laos | Legal [2] | |||||||
Malaysia |
Illegal since 1871 Penalty: fines, prison sentence (2–20 years), or whippings. [2] [109] |
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples | Generally impossible to change gender. However, a 2016 court ruling recognizes gender changes as fundamental constitutional rights [110] Forms of gender expression are criminalized. | |||||
Myanmar |
Illegal since 1886 Penalty: Up to 20 years in prison (Occasionally enforced). [2] [111] |
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Philippines |
Legal + UN decl. sign. [112] [2] [113] [114] |
(Pending) [112] | (Pending) [115] | LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [116] [115] | Since 2009 |
/
Bans some anti-gay discrimination in certain cities and provinces,
[117] including the City of Manila,
[118]Cebu City,
[119] Quezon City,
[120] and Davao City;
[121] Nationwide anti-bullying law for basic education students. [122] |
Generally impossible to change legal gender. However in Cagandahan vs Philippines, allowed an intersex man to change his legal gender from female to male. | |
Singapore | Legal since 2022 | Ambiguous, a gay Singaporean man with a male partner in 2018 won an appeal in court to adopt a child that he fathered through a surrogate. [123] | Protections against anti-gay discrimination, harassment and violence [124] | Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery | ||||
Thailand |
Legal since 1956 + UN decl. sign. [2] |
Proposed [125] | Proposed [125] | [126] | Since 2005 [127] | Bans all anti-gay discrimination |
[128]
Anti-discrimination protections for gender expression. [109] |
|
Vietnam |
Legal
[2] + UN decl. sign. [2] |
LGBT individuals may adopt, not same-sex couples [129] | Irrespective of one's sexual orientation | Bans some anti-gay discrimination | Gender changes recognized and officially practised since 2017 [130] [131] |
This amendment to the penal code entailed a de jure decriminalization of sodomy since, in 1963, the Israeli Supreme Court had already issued a de facto decriminalization, ruling that the anti-sodomy law (which dated back to the British Mandate of Palestine; Mandatory Criminal Ordinance of 1936) could not be prosecuted (Yosef Ben-Ami vs. The Attorney General of Israel, 224/63).
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The second major stress on soldiers is their highly restricted social life. During their initial ten years of service they are not permitted to marry, which means that they are supposed to postpone sexual activity until their late twenties.