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Aluminium, 13Al
Aluminium
Pronunciation
Alternative nameAluminum (U.S., Canada)
AppearanceSilvery gray metallic
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Al)
Aluminium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
B
↑
Al
↓
Ga
magnesium ← aluminium → silicon
Atomic number (Z)13
Group group 13 (boron group)
Period period 3
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[ Ne] 3s2 3p1
Electrons per shell2, 8, 3
Physical properties
Phase at  STP solid
Melting point933.47  K ​(660.32 °C, ​1220.58 °F)
Boiling point2743 K ​(2470 °C, ​4478 °F)
Density (at 20° C)2.699 g/cm3 [4]
when liquid (at  m.p.)2.375 g/cm3
Heat of fusion10.71  kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization284 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity24.20 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at  T (K) 1482 1632 1817 2054 2364 2790
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−2, −1, 0, [5] +1, [6] +2, [7] +3 (an  amphoteric oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.61
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 577.5 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1816.7 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2744.8 kJ/mol
  • ( more)
Atomic radiusempirical: 143  pm
Covalent radius121±4 pm
Van der Waals radius184 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of aluminium
Other properties
Natural occurrence primordial
Crystal structure ​ face-centered cubic (fcc) ( cF4)
Lattice constant
Face-centered cubic crystal structure for aluminium
a = 404.93 pm (at 20 °C) [4]
Thermal expansion22.87×10−6/K (at 20 °C) [4]
Thermal conductivity237 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity26.5 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering paramagnetic [8]
Molar magnetic susceptibility+16.5×10−6 cm3/mol
Young's modulus70 GPa
Shear modulus26 GPa
Bulk modulus76 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod(rolled) 5000 m/s (at  r.t.)
Poisson ratio0.35
Mohs hardness2.75
Vickers hardness160–350 MPa
Brinell hardness160–550 MPa
CAS Number7429-90-5
History
Namingfrom alumine, obsolete name for alumina
Prediction Antoine Lavoisier (1782)
Discovery Hans Christian Ørsted (1824)
Named by Humphry Davy (1812 [a])
Isotopes of aluminium
Main isotopes [9] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
26Al trace 7.17×105 y β+84% 26Mg
ε [10]16% 26Mg
γ –
27Al 100% stable
  Category: Aluminium
| references
Aluminium, 13Al
Aluminium
Pronunciation
Alternative namealuminum (U.S., Canada)
Appearancesilvery gray metallic
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Al)
Aluminium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
B
↑
Al
↓
Ga
magnesium ← aluminium → silicon
Atomic number (Z)13
Group group 13 (boron group)
Period period 3
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[ Ne] 3s2 3p1
Electrons per shell2, 8, 3
Physical properties
Phase at  STP solid
Melting point933.47  K ​(660.32 °C, ​1220.58 °F)
Boiling point2743 K ​(2470 °C, ​4478 °F)
Density (near  r.t.)2.70 g/cm3
when liquid (at  m.p.)2.375 g/cm3
Heat of fusion10.71  kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization284 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity24.20 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at  T (K) 1482 1632 1817 2054 2364 2790
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−2, −1, 0, [13] +1, [14] +2, [15] +3 (an  amphoteric oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.61
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 577.5 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1816.7 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2744.8 kJ/mol
  • ( more)
Atomic radiusempirical: 143  pm
Covalent radius121±4 pm
Van der Waals radius184 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of aluminium
Other properties
Natural occurrence primordial
Crystal structure ​ face-centered cubic (fcc)
Face-centered cubic crystal structure for aluminium
Thermal expansion23.1 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity237 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity26.5 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering paramagnetic [16]
Molar magnetic susceptibility+16.5×10−6 cm3/mol
Young's modulus70 GPa
Shear modulus26 GPa
Bulk modulus76 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod(rolled) 5000 m/s (at  r.t.)
Poisson ratio0.35
Mohs hardness2.75
Vickers hardness160–350 MPa
Brinell hardness160–550 MPa
CAS Number7429-90-5
History
Namingfrom alumine, obsolete name for alumina
Prediction Antoine Lavoisier (1782)
Discovery Hans Christian Ørsted (1824)
Named by Humphry Davy (1812 [b])
Isotopes of aluminium
Main isotopes [9] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
26Al trace 7.17×105 y β+84% 26Mg
ε [10]16% 26Mg
γ –
27Al 100% stable
  Category: Aluminium
| references

Notes

  1. ^ Davy's 1812 written usage of the word aluminum was predated by other authors' usage of aluminium. However, Davy is often mentioned as the person who named the element; he was the first to coin a name for aluminium: he used alumium in 1808. Other authors did not accept that name, choosing aluminium instead. See below for more details.
  2. ^ Davy's 1812 written usage of the word aluminum was predated by other authors' usage of aluminium. However, Davy is often mentioned as the person who named the element; he was the first to coin a name for aluminium: he used alumium in 1808. Other authors did not accept that name, choosing aluminium instead. See below for more details.

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
  1. ^ "aluminum". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Aluminium". CIAAW. 2017.
  3. ^ a b Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi: 10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN  1365-3075.
  4. ^ a b c Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN  978-1-62708-155-9.
  5. ^ Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of Al2(CH3)6 with carbon monoxide; see Sanchez, Ramiro; Arrington, Caleb; Arrington Jr., C. A. (December 1, 1989). "Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes". American Chemical Society. 111 (25): 9110-9111. doi: 10.1021/ja00207a023. OSTI  6973516.
  6. ^ Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 35 (2): 129–149. doi: 10.1002/anie.199601291.
  7. ^ Tyte, D. C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode: 1964Natur.202..383T. doi: 10.1038/202383a0. S2CID  4163250.
  8. ^ Lide, D. R. (2000). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). CRC Press. ISBN  0849304814.
  9. ^ a b Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  10. ^ a b Mougeot, X. (2019). "Towards high-precision calculation of electron capture decays". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 154 (108884). doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108884.
  11. ^ "aluminum". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  12. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Aluminium". CIAAW. 2017.
  13. ^ Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of Al2(CH3)6 with carbon monoxide; see Sanchez, Ramiro; Arrington, Caleb; Arrington Jr., C. A. (December 1, 1989). "Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes". American Chemical Society. 111 (25): 9110-9111. doi: 10.1021/ja00207a023. OSTI  6973516.
  14. ^ Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 35 (2): 129–149. doi: 10.1002/anie.199601291.
  15. ^ Tyte, D. C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode: 1964Natur.202..383T. doi: 10.1038/202383a0. S2CID  4163250.
  16. ^ Lide, D. R. (2000). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). CRC Press. ISBN  0849304814.
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