Tell Agrab (or Aqrab) is a
tell or settlement mound 12.6 miles (20.3 km) southeast of
Eshnunna in the
Diyala region of Iraq. It is about 15 miles southeast of
Tell Asmar, ancient Eshnunna.
History
Tell Agrab was occupied during the
Jemdet Nasr and
Early Dynastic periods through the
Akkadian and
Larsa periods. It was during the Early Dynastic period that monumental building occurred, including
the Shara Temple. There is no evidence that it was occupied after the end of the third millennium BC.[1]
Archaeology
The site of Tell Agrab is encompassed by a 500 by 600 metres (1,600 by 2,000 ft) rectangle with a height of around 12 metres (39 ft). It was surrounded by a fortification wall made of plano-convex bricks and with defensive towers every 19 meters.[2] Though it had been subject to illegal digging earlier with materials from there appearing with Baghdad antiquities dealers, the site was officially excavated between 1935 and 1937 by a team from the
Oriental Institute of Chicago which was also working at
Eshnunna,
Khafajah and
Tell Ishchali during that time.[1][3] The dig was led by
Seton Lloyd. The primary excavation effort was on the large Early Dynastic temple consisting of a main sanctuary with altar and offering table and two smaller subsidiary sanctuaries on the same plan The temple was believed by the excavators to be dedicated to
Shara based on a stone bowl fragment inscription "To Shara has Anunu, foreman of (yeo)men, presented (this) as a gift.". However, subsequent research suggests that it may have belonged to a local deity, Iluma'tim, while the name dLAGABxIGI-gunû from the bowl fragment, formerly read as Shara, might instead be
Ishara, which according to Gianni Marchesi and Nicolo Marchetti is more plausible in the light of the distribution of cult centers of these two deities.[4] Only the western end of the temple was studied, the rest being badly eroded. The temple was about 60 metres (200 ft) square and was surrounded by a wall 6 metres (20 ft) wide with large supporting buttresses. The presence of sling stones and a
sappers tunnel indicated an attack in the Early Dynastic era. Aside from a number of treasure caches,
cylinder seals,[5] and a sculptured mace-head of gypsum ornamented with lions' head found, the most notable find was a copper
chariot pulled by four
onagers, one of the earliest examples known.[6] Three cuneiform tablets in Old Akkadian were also found[7] as well as "two small bronze statuettes of men and one of a woman (all with inlaid eyes of mother of pearl)" as well as tools and weapons made of bronze and the remains of a copper statue that would have originally been 4/5 life size.[8]
Gallery
Kneeling Nude Male Holding Vase on Head, Tell Agrab, Shara Temple, Early Dynastic period, 2900-2700 BC, calcite - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC07462
Fragment of a Sumerian male statue from the Shara Temple at Tell Agrab, Iraq Museum
Head of a Sumerian woman from the Shara Temple at Tell Agrab, Iraq Museum
Male head from Shara Temple, Tell Agrab, Iraq Museum
Female statuette from Tell Agrab, Iraq Museum
Gilgamesh wrestling two bulls, from Shara Temple, Tell Agrab, Iraq Museum
Quadriga consists of a chariot and a charioteer with four onagers. From Tell Agrab, Iraq. Early Dynastic period, 2600-2370 BCE. Iraq Museum
Cylinder seal, white marble. Two goats, two shrines, and stars. Jemdet Nasr period, 3100-2900 BCE. From Tell Agrab, Iraq. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq
^Allen, Francis O. "The Oriental Institute Archaeological Report on the Near East: Fourth Quarter, 1935", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 201–14, 1936
^"The Oriental Institute Archeological Report on the near East: First Quarter, 1937", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 256–77, 1937
^[1] I.J. Gelb, "Sargonic Texts from the Diyala Region", Materials for the Assyrian Dictionary, vol. 1, Chicago, 1961
^Nims, Charles F, "The Oriental Institute Archeological Report on the near East: Fourth Quarter, 1936", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 199–216, 1937
Further reading
[2] Pinhas Delougaz, Harold D. Hill, and Seton Lloyd, "Private Houses and Graves in the Diyala Region", Oriental Institute Publications 88, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1967
Henri Frankfort, "Revelations of Early Mesopotamian Culture. New Discoveries at Tell Agrab; An Ass-drawn Chariot, and Art Relics from an Early Dynastic Temple with indications of Bull-worship and Connections with Ancient India," The Illustrated London News, November 6, pp. 792–95 and col. pl. I, 1937
[3] Gonçalves, Vera, and Isabel Gomes de Almeida, "The Divine Feminine in Mesopotamia: the rosette/star and the reed bundle symbols in early Diyala’s glyptic (c. 3100-2600 BC)" Images, in Perceptions and Productions in and of Antiquity, pp. 156–176, 2923
Ch. P., "Les Fouilles de Tell-Agrab", Revue Archéologique, vol. 11, pp. 88–90, 1938