Tombonuo | |
---|---|
Lobu · Mutangar Tombonuo | |
Native to | Malaysia |
Region | Sabah |
Ethnicity | Tambanuo |
Native speakers | 10,000 (2000)
[1] 3,000 Lingkabau (2003) [1] |
Dialects |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 |
txa |
Glottolog |
tomb1244 |
Tombonuwo (Tambonuo) is a Paitanic language spoken in the Pitas and Labuk-Sugut Districts of northwest Sabah, Malaysia. [2] [3]
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p b | t | d | g k | ʔ | ||
Fricative | s | ||||||
Affricate | dʒ | ||||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
Lateral | l | ||||||
Trill | r | ||||||
Semi-vowel | w | j |
The phonemes /p, t, k, s, ʔ/ are voiceless. All other expressions are voiced.
Non-back | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i | u |
Non-high | a | o |
/o/ is often pronounced as unrounded [ʌ].
/a/ is neutralized to [ʌ] in a pre-stressed syllable.
Sabahan languages are characterized by "focus" morphology, which marks a syntactic relationship between the predicate of a clause and the "focused" noun phrase of the clause [5] (see Austronesian alignment).
Tombonuwo has four focus categories, conventionally labelled "actor", "patient", "referent" and "theme". [6] Focus is marked by affixation on the verb.
The only marked tense in Tombonuwo is past tense.
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