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Are we sure that dung is merely a harmless side-effect of the mixing process? In Botswana, dung is an important component of durable, decorative mud floors in special places like a kgotla, and I think it's used in house-building as well. JackyR 23:53, 10 May 2006 (UTC) reply

Cow dung is also used in Tharu houses - the wattles are made from elephant grass. (Sauraha, Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal)

I can't remember which of my books had a section on it, but I've seen it mentioned several times that the dung added with the mud and straw will greatly reduce cracking as it dries. Why? I've never gotten a straight answer for it. -- Talroth 03:40, 22 April 2007 (UTC) reply

Cow dung is used in South African traditional dwellings as well as early, settler wattle and daub houses. This improves 'the cohesion and plasticity of soils of low clay content'. The dung is applied over and onto mud plaster which is partially dry to help stop cracks developing. As I understand it, the dung mixture contains straw fibre which makes drying faster and, owing to its finer consistency, plugs any micro-cracks that may already be starting. Some more at http://practicalaction.org/docs/technical_information_service/mud_plasters_and_renders.pdf —Preceding unsigned comment added by BlandBaroque ( talk • contribs) 08:03, 9 July 2010 (UTC) reply

This seems to be a well written article. The descriptions of the various construction methods are detailed enough that I almost feel as if I could go build a wattle and daub wall myself. lichen-studios 04:07, 11 March 2007 (UTC)lichen-studios reply

One or more portions of this article duplicated other source(s). The material was copied from: http://www.tonygraham.co.uk/house_repair/Wattle_Daub_Conservation.pdf (pp. 12-17). Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Moonriddengirl ^(talk) 21:40, 3 November 2010 (UTC) reply

I see mention of Hazel. what else is it made of? Are the rigid verticals also made of hazel as well as the woven horizontals? Willow is more flexible and longer-lasting, so is it also used?

IceDragon64 ( talk) 21:30, 7 May 2012 (UTC) reply

1. Material: What are wattle and daub made of respectively? The construction part talks about the materials generally, but is there a significant difference among different regions in the world? If so, what are the factors that influence the materials?
2. History: Is there any good examples of buildings that made of wattle and daub? It would be better if different regions can offer their own examples. Wattle and daub have been used since at least 6000 years ago. Is there any evidence about the exact time when it came into being? And since then, how it developed through time? What are the influences it has on modern architecture?
3. Styles of panels: is there any other style?
4. Acacias: I don't think it's necessary to make this one a separate item. I think it can be put into the construction part where materials of wattle and daub would be discussed.
5. Variations: This part only introduces two variations generally. But what is the relationship between the variations and wattle and daub? Are they inspired by wattle and daub or did they evolve from wattle and daub, or they are just similar with wattle and daub coincidentally? Lath and plaster is mentioned at the beginning, it seems that this one is derived from wattle and daub. So can lath and plaster be put into this part as well?
6. Stephen Mikesell suggests a section on modern revivals, or at least the Zoma Museum in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It was opened in March 2019 after two decades of construction by cultural anthropologist Meskerem Assegued and artist Elias Sime. It aims at reviving local appreciation and creating interest in modern construction using traditional Ethiopian wattle and daub construction techniques. Their technique of one-month fermentation of the clay-sand-straw-dung mixture creates a stone-hard structure that can be shaped into beautiful and intricate artistic designs. An article about it says "... the right mixture of mud and straw takes some time to be prepared: the material must be mixed every three days for about a month until it is fermented. It then takes some time for the wall to dry and harden. During this period the mud is easy to mold; this allows the builder to get creative." The pictures of the buildings are impressive, to say the least. Right now I am stuck someplace with slow internet and a slower computer and all airplanes out have been cancelled into the unforeseeable future, so I can't easily research it. If somebody doesn't do something with it in the interim I'll try to get to it. There are many articles about it, including a piece on NPR about it (where I first learned about it). I want to search for more technical articles about their construction, if I can find them.

https://www.zomamuseum.org https://www.facebook.com/Zoma.Museum/ https://www.metropolismag.com/architecture/addis-ababa-zoma-museum-design/pic/51390/ Stephen Mikesell 13:31, 14 May 2020 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Singing Coyote ( talk • contribs)

1. Possible source:

• Cowan, Henry J. From Wattle & Daub to Concrete & Steel: The Engineering Heritage of Australia's Buildings. Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press, 1998.
• Forsyth, Michael, Materials & Skills for Historic Building Conservation. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Pub., 2008.
• Blokker, Laura Ewen, and Heather A. Knight. "Louisiana Bousillage: The Migration and Evolution of a French Building Technique in North America." Construction History 28, no. 1 (2013): 27-48.
• Anirban Chatterjee, Sudip K Ghosh, Ken Jang, Esther Bullitt, Chatterjee, Anirban, Ghosh, Sudip K, Jang, Ken, et al. “Evidence for a ‘Wattle and Daub’ Model of the Cyst Wall of Entamoeba.” PLOS pathogens : a peer-reviewed open-access journal published by the Public Library of Science. 5, no. 7 (April 27, 2008).
• Guerrero, Anuar Terán, Goguitchaichvili, Avto, Esparza López, Rodrigo, Morales, Juan, Elguera, José Rosas, Soler, Ana María, Cárdenas, Efraín, and Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Jaime. “A detailed rock-magnetic and archaeomagnetic investigation on wattle and daub building (Bajareque) remains from Teuchitlán tradition (nw Mesoamerica).” Journal of archaeological science, reports. 5 (n.d.).
• Matthew D. Gawryla, Otto van den Berg, Christoph Weder, and David A. Schiraldi. “Clay aerogel/cellulose whisker nanocomposites: a nanoscale wattle and daub.” Journal of Materials Chemistry 19, no. 15 (2009): 2118-2124.
• Robert P. Kruger. “A burning question or, some half-baked ideas: patterns of sintered daub creation and dispersal in a modern wattle and daub structure and their implications for archaeological interpretation.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 22, no. 3 (2015): 883-912.

Ranwei ( talk) 23:10, 8 November 2017 (UTC) reply

• Construction:

1. In different regions, the material of wattle can be different. For example, in Mitchell Site on the northern outskirts of the city of Mitchell, South Dakota, willow has been found as the wattle material of the walls of the house.
2. Reeds and vines can also be used as wattle material.

• Variations

1. In some places or cultures, similar techniques with wattle and daub were used. Sometimes people use different names for the technique, including pug and pine, mud and stud (stud and mud), hourdis, rab and dab, rad and dab, pierrotage/bousillage (bouzillage) and columage.
2. Pierrotage, columage: Pierratage is the infilling material used in French Vernacular architecture of the Southern United States to infill between half-timbering with diagonal braces, which is similar with daub. It is usually made of lime mortar clay mixed with small stones. It is also called bousillage or bouzillage, especially in French Vernacular architecture of Louisiana of the early 1700s. The materials of bousillage are Spanish moss or clay and grass. Bousillage also refers to the type of brick molded with the same materials and used as infilling between posts. Columbage refers to the timber-framed construction with diagonal bracing of the framework. Pierratage or bousillage is the material filled into the structural timbers.
3. Lath and plaster: As mentioned before, lath and plaster derived from wattle and daub has been widely used in modern construction.

• Application

1. Wattle and daub are mostly used in half-timbered construction or timber-framed house. Bajarreque and jacal are two specific examples of the application of wattle and daub.
2. Bajarreque: Bajarreque is a wall constructed with the technique of wattle and daub. The wattle here is made of bagasse, and the daub is the mix of clay and straw.
3. Jacal: Jacal can refer to a type of crude house whose wall is built with wattle and daub in southwestern America. Closely spaced upright sticks or poles driven into the ground with small branches (wattle) interwoven between them make the structural frame of the wall. Mud or an adobe clay (daub) is covered outside. To provide additional weather protection, the wall is usually plastered.

Ranwei ( talk) 11:50, 12 November 2017 (UTC) reply

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