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Why are alcohols toxic, what do they do to the body? AxelBoldt 04:50 Sep 10, 2002 (UTC)
In low amounts alcohols are not toxic. But in moderate to high amounts taken over short time periods they can be toxic. Alcohols (esp. ethanol) is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and reaches the brain where it interferes with synaptic firing and causes the death of brain cells by changing the electrochemical properties around cells (intracellular calcium is increased which weakens the electrochemical gradient across the cell's membrane -- cells, esp. neurons, die without this gradient -- which is vital to the operation of membrane pumps and channels). There is also direct damage to cell membranes from free-radicals that are produced from alcohol metabolism.
The liver produces a special enzyme (alcohol dehydrogenase) that breaks down alcohols into acetaldehyde which is turned into acetic acid (another enzyme takes the acid and turns it into fatty acid, CO2 and water -- these are mostly deposited locally which leads to "beer bellies"). Chronic drinkers, however, so tax this metabolic pathway that things go awry; fatty acids build up as plaques in the capilaries around liver cells and those cells begin to die. This is the cause of cirrhosis of the liver. The liver is part of the body's filtration system and if it is damaged then certain toxins build up -- this leads to symptoms of jaundice. -- mav
There really should be a subsection describing the known health benefits of alcohol. not just red wine as an antioxident, but specifically ehtonoals effect on "blood thinning", helping people with high blood presure...
I wonder if most of this would fit better in ethanol, or does it apply to all alcohols? AxelBoldt 15:05 Sep 10, 2002 (UTC)
HEALTH BENIFITS?
someone just mentioned the "known health benefits of alcohol"... in my humble opinion, though there may be some arguable health benifits to a unit of alcohol on its own, it is VERY irresponsible to glamorize alcohol as being somehow "healthy"... show me somebody who has yeah and mk rocks that "one" healthy drink and then we can talk. in fact, a lifetime of "one healthy drink a week" can be TOTALLY offset by only one night of binge drinking. in other words, among people who have engaged in drinking, there are ABSOLUTELY NONE that ive heard of who have somehow become more healthy as a result. people jog because it's healthy. people eat vegetables because they're healthy. people drink because they want to get drunk.
and on another note, even that "one healthy drink" of alcohol is not nearly as "healthy" as one drink of water, orange juice, etc...
---
Under the existing toxicity section, I tried to clean up the wording of the "treatment of methanol poisoning". It could use a bit more work. The methanol article has information in slightly greater detail about the treatment of methanol poisoning. -- Mantispid 14:35, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
Is water itself an alcohol according to the chemical/physical definition of an alcohol? Stan 10:29, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)
The definition given on the alcohol page is:
In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom, which in turn is bound to other hydrogen and/or carbon atoms; in other words, alcohol is characterized by one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups attached to a carbon atom of an alkyl group (hydrocarbon chain).
If I alter that slightly to:
An alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to zero or more carbon atom, which in turn is bound to other hydrogen and/or carbon atoms; in other words, alcohol is characterized by one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups attached to a carbon atom of an alkyl group (hydrocarbon chain), or just to a hydrogen atom.
then under this definition H-OH, i.e. water, would be the simplest alcohol.
What I've done it take out In chemistry on the preumption that perhaps in physics the definition is slightly different. What I'd be interested is to know whether water's physical characteristics can be equated to the series of alcohols ordered by the number of carbon atoms starting at zero, i.e.
H-OH CH3-OH C2H5-OH C4H9-OH and so on.
They're all colorless liquids for a start.
Matt Stan 19:24, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
An interesting idea, though I strongly doubt that physics would use a different definition of alcohol than chemistry (which as every physicist knows is just sub-field of physics).
Anyway, some numbers, in the order you specified (H2O, CH3OH, C2H5OH, C4H9OH, C5H11OH):
Density (g/cm3): 1.00, 0.79, 0.79, 0.80, 0.81, 0.82
Melting point (K): 273, 175, 159, 146, 184, 194
Boiling point (K): 373, 337, 351, 370, 390, 411
Water fairly clearly bucks the trend. -- DrBob 19:45, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
An alcohol is characterized by one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups attached to the carbon atom of alkyl groups of a hydrocarbon.
In my understanding (and from what I've been taught at my Chemistry courses), Alcohols are not acids, rather bases, and when dissolved in water raise the amount of -OH ions
They also cancel out acids in reactions with them, since the -OH from alcohol bonds with the hydrogen from acids to form water.
Would that be correct?
Walkerma 22:14, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
((begin text from Talk:Al-Razi Jorge Stolfi 03:33, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)))
As for the etymology, I have always heard that "alcohol" came from al-ghoul="spirit" which also gave the star "Algol" and the English "ghoul. this page about "ghoul" gives the Arabic translation as "غول=(alcohol, bogey, goblin, hobgoblin, ogre)".
Jorge Stolfi 03:13, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)
This document confirms Al-Razi as the discoverer but says that the "al-ghoul"="the devil" etymology was invented by an US anti-alcohol movement for propaganda purposes.
Jorge Stolfi 04:27, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)
Wow, thanks for the research! Jorge Stolfi 02:18, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)
((end text from Talk:Al-Razi))
Etymology from the OED: [a. med.L. alcohol, ad. Arab. al-ko{hdotbl}'l ‘collyrium,’ the fine powder used to stain the eyelids, f. ka{hdotbl}ala, Heb. k{amac}khal to stain, paint: see Ezekiel xxiii. 40. It appeared in Eng., as in most of the mod. langs. in 16th c. Cf. Fr. alcohol, now alcool.]
Eclectic origin history from EB:
Note also that it depends on what you mean by discovery. The beer was made then but that does not necessarily mean that they knew what was going on or what was in the beer that made them inebriated. Also, as the last one indicates, alcohol is a pretty common thing to come about so it's hard to say who first used it, and it might be that it was known to be Sumeria and Babylonia simply because they kept better records than the early peoples who didn't have writing, in Africa, for - Centrx 20:50, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)
I just removed the line "along with the substance itself" from the sentence "It was introduced to Europe in the 12th century along with the art of distillation and the substance itself." because that was completely ridiculous. It's beyond question that beer and wine flowed freely throughout Europe thousands of years earlier. I dare say that the author of that line intended to mean that distilled spirits (whiskey/grain alcholol) were introduced at this time, but the wording didn't mean that at all. If someone wants to rework it to mean that, fine by me...assuming it's accurate. I have no way of verifying that, but have plenty of references to conclude that the sentence prior to my change was definitely not correct. I mean, at the very least, the still-existant winery Corton-Charlemagne was founded by Charlemagne, who lived in the 8th and 9th centuries.
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Alcohol is clearly older than the 12th century. References to wine and mead abound in classical literature. Also, since the 7th century, alcohol has been banned in Islamic culture. Clearly, some more work and research needs to be done on this portion of the article.
I think the idea of a reactions section is great, thanks Andrew for all your hard work. I don't really have time to do all of the wikifying, though I did a few edits, but I was going to suggest the following: 1. My impression is that this page gets a lot of hits, much more than most chemistry pages. Most readers will not be looking for details of the iodoform reaction (which strictly is more of a reaction of methyl ketones than alcohols)! There are probably loads of things that could go on the page- and as an organic chemist I know where my sympathies lie, but we need to consider all readers. Therefore the page needs to cover material concisely, which means that much of the reactions section needs to be edited to make it take up less space. The only other way would be to create a new page called Chemistry of alcohols or something similar.
2. Personally I prefer organic reactions drawn on a program like IsisDraw (you can see my contributions in Image:Alcohol_reaction_examples.gif and Image:Alcohol examples.gif. (Though I didn't show carbons & Hs explicitly in the naming image, that would be better for beginners- one day I will correct that.) What do others think?
3. The chemical properties section of the phys/chem props section and the chemistry (prepn & rxns) sections need to be mostly combined. When I added some content to the former, I did it mainly to correct an error, and I always felt that a separate section on chemistry would be much better- now someone has done it (thanks!). But it is ludicrous for us now to have two separate sections giving two separate examples of preparation of alkyl halides. These need to be combined and unnecessary repetition removed. If I wasn't planning a holiday from Wikipedia I'd do it myself!
Walkerma 23:18, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
I suggest you add a stub "buthanol" and re-direct it to this article.
-- Jeff letourneau 19:20, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
I have just uploaded a major rewrite of this page covering all parts except the Etymology part (which I know little about, and which seems pretty good) and the Chemistry of alcohols part (which I will work on). It seems to me that this page is probably a page receiving many hits, so it needs to be clear and concise. Unfortunately it seemed to show the worst signs of having been "written by a committee", such that although much of the content was true and at relevant, it led to the page being very long and containing many obsure facts. It also meant that there was no overall balance, having (it seemed) never had one single person edit the whole thing.
I hope that this edit makes the page a lot clearer and "punchier". Here is a summary of what I did:
I have finished off the rewrite. It turns out to be only slightly shorter in terms of number of screenfulls, and slightly larger in terms of kB, but I think it flows rather better and is much more evenly balanced. I have taken out a lot of duplication. Much of the growth comes from putting in important information that was missing before- such as on dehydration to alkenes, acylation by RCOCl/py. I also added short verbal explanations where before there was just a list of equations. Walkerma 19:15, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
Doesn't there need to be a section explaining the correlation between electron withdrawing groups and the acidity of alcohols? The effect is much more well-known for carboxylic acids, but it also exists for alcohols. See McMurry Organic Chemistry
I thought I remembered that alcohols not only have a higher boiling point but also a lower freezing point than water. Wrong? It's not discussed in the article.
It should be noted that this article isn't the easiest to digest after consuming alcohol. --
24.85.132.177
04:41, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
Added "odorless" (because pure alcohol is odorless) and the comment about alcoholism being hotly debated because it is. Some alcohol recovery programs which don't consider it a disease but merely a pattern of disruptive behaviors which can be rapidly unleared report success rates in excess of 65%. Compare that to the average program's rate of between 25% and 40%. The rates of most programs that consider it a disease are generally less than 20% with some averaging less than 5%.
I work with ethanol regularly (I'm an organic chemist, I used some in the lab about 3 hours ago), and to my nose it does have a smell (albeit quite mild). I can't see anything about smell on the ethanol page, which is the main page about this compound. What do others say? Regarding alcoholism, the proper place for that discussion is probably the alcoholism page. This article is supposed to be about the functional group in organic chemistry, not about alcoholism! Thanks, Walkerma 01:12, 20 May 2006 (UTC)
And they appear to contradict each other. -- Lukobe 07:23, 27 May 2006 (UTC)
I'm a bit rusty on my chemistry so I'll abstain from adding myself, but could someone include the boiling point of alcohol. From everything I've seen it's about 79.5°C but I'm not sure if it varies for different types of alcohol. Vicarious 23:31, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
I changed "odorless, colorless liquid" in the introduction paragraph to "colorless liquid with a strong smell" because as far as I know, ethanol isn't odorless.
What *is* the LD50 of alcohol? -- Tompsci 00:53, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
Does Vodka consumption have an impact on the potency of a guy?
This is from a British nurse of my acquaintance - she contests the paragraph in the Toxicity section dealing with drinking ethanol to avoid methanol poisoning. I asked her because I thought that that paragraph could be useful to remember for first aid purposes, but I figured I should verify it with a medical professional first. Can SOMEBODY, PLEASE, verify one over the other? I know Wikipedia is not a doctor, but for Chrissakes my age group will read this and think, Oh, Johnny's dying of Listerine ingestion, we'll just get some Jager into him... -- 207.216.10.77 08:28, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
Ethanol is toxic, and the body begins to dispose of it immediately upon its consumption. Over 90% of it is processed by the liver. In the liver, the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme converts ethanol into acetaldehyde, which is itself toxic. Acetaldehyde is destroyed almost immediately by the aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme, which converts it to acetate ions.
The hydrogen atoms represented by these equations are not unattached, but are picked up by another biologically important compound, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD), whose function is to carry hydrogen atoms. NAD is involved in both of the above processes, being converted to NADH.
NAD + H = NADH
NADH must be recycled to NAD for the disposal of ethanol to continue. If the amount of ethanol consumed is not great, the recycling can keep up with the disposal of ethanol. The ethanol disposal rate in a 150-pound human is about 0.5 ounce of ethanol per hour, which corresponds to 12 ounces of beer, 4 ounces of wine, or 1 ounce of hard liquor. The figure shows how the blood alcohol level changes with time for various doses of ethanol.
Ethanol acts as a drug affecting the central nervous system. Its behavioral effects stem from its effects on the brain and not on the muscles or senses themselves. It is a depressant, and depending on dose, can be a mild tranquilizer or a general anesthetic. It suppresses certain brain functions. At very low doses, it can appear to be a stimulant by suppressing certain inhibitory brain functions. However, as concentration increases, further suppression of brain functions produce the classic symptoms of intoxication: slurred speech, unsteady walk, disturbed sensory perceptions, and inability to react quickly. At very high concentrations, ethanol produces general anesthesia; a highly ntoxicated person will be asleep and very difficult to wake, and if awakened, unable to move voluntarily.
Alcohol levels in the brain are difficult to measure, and so blood alcohol levels are used to assess degree of intoxication. Most people begin to show measurable mental impairment at around 0.05 percent blood alcohol. At around 0.10 percent, mental impairment will show obvious physical signs, such as an unsteady walk. Slurred speech shows up at around 0.15 percent. Unconsciousness results by 0.4 percent. Above 0.5 percent, the breathing center of the brain or the beating action of the heart can be anesthetized, resulting in death.
Please take a look at my rough draft at User talk:Filll/beedrunk and give me your opinion.-- Filll 21:29, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
is the phrase "Alcohol is used to become intoxicated and/or seduce women." needed —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 72.142.84.43 ( talk) 04:02, 26 January 2007 (UTC).
More vandalism at the start of the page —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 192.198.151.130 ( talk) 11:45, 26 January 2007 (UTC).
"Other alcohols are substantially more poisonous than ethanol, partly because they take much longer to be metabolized"
"It is said, by Russ Heiser, that alcohol stays in the human system and inhibits neural function for 30 days following consumption."
I'm seeing some logical contradiction here. Frigo 19:44, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
I changed the whole section, following the principle that only established common reactions should be included. I will expand the contents of this section in two new articles entitled "Oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones" and "Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids." These articles will contain many references.
As soon as possible, I will add in this section a few lines about the oxidative breakage of 1,2-diols and the transformation of diols into lactones.
In my opinion, no other alcohol oxidations should be included, as they would possess a very minor importance in Synthetic Organic Chemistry.
I started a new article related to Alcohols entitled Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids. I hope to finish it in a few weeks.
I saw this Alcohol Powder Article and 1st thought that this must be physically impossible (but the article cites 2 other cases), and 2nd thought to check Wikipedia. But there's nothing here. Any help? 82.141.187.170 09:57, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
The 109 degress applies to the [C]. Lone pairs on an atom typically generate angles of 107 or 104 degrees. [email protected] Dresj 18:08, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
i dont feel like this article is complete. there should be a part with alcohol used as a beverage.this is definetely missing. i know there's another article for that. but they shoud be a short thing about this on the main article 71.255.59.245 15:48, 11 October 2007 (UTC)
Should we add a image showing how ketone form into a diol? Raymond Giggs 04:10, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
Nothing is mentioned of the effect of rapid proton exchange with NMR. Tourskin ( talk) 21:04, 12 January 2008 (UTC)
From this article, I wonder if we have not got the etymology of the word "alcohol" slightly garbled?
Is the word alcohol derived from the Arabic al-kohl? Most Arab laymen would think so. In Arabic, al means "the" and kohl or kohol means "black powder or paint for eyelids." For thousands of years, the eyelid paint most widely used by Arab women has been called ethmid; it is a fine black powder pulverized from mountain stones. Some men, due to ancient belief that kohl protects vision, use it also.
Webster's Third New International Dictionary, tracing the derivation of the word alcohol, states: "from ML [middle Latin], finely pulverized antimony used by women to darken the eyelids, from OS [old Spanish], from Arabic al-kuhul or al-kuhl." But according to Arab scholars, the famous dictionary is wrong. How could such a highly irritant and corrosive substance have anything to do with a commonly used cosmetic? Alcohol will burn the eye.
Arab scholars say there is no doubt that alcohol derives from another word: al-kol (al-ghol). The old Arabic dictionaries define al-kol (al-ghol) as a genie or spirit that may take away the mind. Obviously, the last statement fits well with alcohol--it does take away the mind.--R.H. (Rachel Hajar, a frequent contributor to the Culture section, is a medical doctor working in Qatar. )
-- Filll ( talk | wpc) 17:48, 8 July 2008 (UTC)
Whichever it may be, I don't think the transliteration is right. Shouldn't الغول be "al-ġul," not "al-ġuḥl," since there's no ح involved? 128.151.25.85 ( talk) 02:33, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
"used as a preservative for specimens" goes to a page about the band. should be changed but Im not registered —Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.155.179.35 ( talk) 02:40, 16 July 2008 (UTC)
There is also a subset which is called superprimary (O°). The only compound in this subset is methyl alcohol. This information should be incorporated into the article. Fuzzform ( talk) 23:45, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
Hopefully the contributing editor was just having an off day. The reference cited (^ Robert S. Gable (2004). "Comparison of acute lethal toxicity of commonly abused psychoactive substances" (reprint). Addiction 99 (6): 686–696. ) states "Non-human animal studies reported oral LD 50 doses of mice at 168 and 137 mg/kg, and rats at 162 mg/kg (National Toxicology Program 1991)." So WP has been misinforming readers for over 2 years. The figure presently used in the article is that for mice (not rats) multiplied by ten. Perhaps some of the Fundamentalist Skeptics should forgo the thrills of chasing down non-mainstream belief systems and do a bit of proof-reading? My confidence as a user of Wikipedia is slipping more and more - if this "encyclopdia" can't even get the basics correct - as in accurately report data - then it will be just more unwanted static in the flow of information. 203.206.57.3 ( talk) 23:24, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
The word alcohol was introduced into the English language circa 1543 from the Arabic: الغول, "al-ġuḥl". I removed this from the intro as it is not supported by reliable third parties J8079s ( talk) 19:03, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
Wikipedia has articles specifically detailing Alcohol's chemistry (ie. alcohol), and seperately, toxic effects (drunkeness, binge drinking, etcetera). Article alcoholic beverages' section entitled "chemistry and toxicology" seems to need merging, and "main article" links added. James Chenery ( talk) 08:23, 9 June 2009 (UTC)
Cut from article:
I find the phrase "not directly poisonous" misleading. I'm sitting next to a medical doctor (a native speaker of Japanese), who pointed out that methanol causes blindness.
In case someone is trying to figure out which of the three kinds of alcohol he can safely drink, can we find a better phrase than "not ... poisonous"? I'm afraid someone might skip the rest of the paragraph and assume it was safe to drink! -- Uncle Ed ( talk) 18:09, 9 June 2009 (UTC)
The legend beneath the image of a generic alcohol says that it is Methanol which is pictured, but the pictured image doesn't have hydrogen atoms at the ends of the bonds from the C. Indeed, in organic chemistry, it is common for a bond with no specified terminal atom to be considered a methyl group, rendering the image as tBuOH, tert-butanol. Should the image or the legend be corrected. Spuddddddd 12Jun09 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.26.7.49 ( talk) 20:45, 12 June 2009 (UTC)
I am not a member of the MMORPG that is Wikipedia and do not wish to become one. Since this page is protected I can only suggest that one of you modify the first sentence of the article to mention that the hydroxyle group needs to be bound to a SATURATED carbon atom, otherwise it might not be an alcohol group. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.159.97.223 ( talk) 03:44, 10 July 2009 (UTC)
{{ editsemiprotected}}
Please change 10,300 mg/kg to 10.3 g/kg
Perhaps in volume also (13 ml/kg or .2 oz/lb) Ethanol's mass is 789mg per ml. SAP
142.177.65.176 ( talk) 22:28, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
Done
Set Sail
For The
Seven Seas
342° 31' 15" NET
22:50, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
If the liquor is 40% achohol by volume then it's 1/2 oz per pound of body weight. for a rat.
The sentence "An important group of acohols is formed by the simple acyclic alcohols, the general formula for which is CnH2n+1OH" is writen in the first section of the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.172.42.45 ( talk) 16:53, 23 October 2009 (UTC)
Dear editor,
My name is Rukmani Agrawal and I'm working for Mamaherb.com ( http://www.mamaherb.com/).
Mamaherb.com is the world's largest free Home Remedies database, who's intention is to allow users to upload and rate what actually works in the field of natural health. The data is accumulated very much in the spirit of Wikipedia - with users allowed to add and edit ingredients and create Home Remedies based on these Ingredients.
Some numbers and facts:
Home Remedies: 19,614 (growing by 100+ every day). Natural Ingredients: 1,414 Conditions Treated: 1,324
Mamaherb.com has won the prestigious (though rather new) United Nation's WSA award for 2009 for making the world a healthier place, being ".... one of the most outstanding examples of creative and innovative e-Content in the world!". The WSA was called by Prof. Nicholas Negroponte, initiator of the 'One Laptop per Child', the “The Nobel Prize of Multimedia”.
What we'd like to receive your consent to is adding relevant links from Mamaherb.com to this article, under the External Links section (qualifying with all of Wikipedia’s guide-lines as to what should be included under this section):
Here, under: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol, we’d add: http://www.mamaherb.com/Alcohol (note the links to the 20 related treatments and remedies).
Surely you'd agree Mamaherb.com's content is very value-adding in this External links section.
Thanks in advance,
Rukmani
Dollyagrawal ( talk) 06:36, 27 November 2009 (UTC)
Like any other drug, I think many people would be interested to know how alcohol is absorbed (w/ and w/o other factors like food), distributed, metabolised and excreted; or at have a link to the "Metabolism and excretion" section in "Blood alcohol content". However, although the section deals with alcohol dehydrogenase saturation at low BACs it doesn't mention the other metabolising pathway that plays a bigger role in alcohol metabolism at higher BACs, namely the microsomal pathway (or MEOS). In addition to being induced by alcohol (leading to pharmacokinetic interactions with other drugs), this pathway contributes significantly to the production of reactive oxygen species by alcohol. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.30.115.127 ( talk) 06:47, 4 December 2009 (UTC)
Under Occurence in nature, why does it say (New Species) next to Astrophysical maser? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.96.164.170 ( talk) 19:31, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
Etymology: New Latin, from Medieval Latin, powdered antimony, from Old Spanish, from Arabic al-kuḥul the powdered antimony, from kuḥl kohl Date: 1672
A lot of words came to English from French (France), and many of this words came from other sources you should mention. So it'd fair to say the whole route words have done to come to English.
Alcohol comes from الكحل(Arabic), then Old Spanish took it (introduction to the Latin spelling as "alcohol"), introduced to Medieval Latin and New Latin, then taken by the French language, and finally taken by the English language. 92.0.226.39 ( talk) 15:59, 13 December 2009 (UTC)
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