A subwavelength-diameter optical fibre (SDF or SDOF) is an
optical fibre whose diameter is less than the wavelength of the light being propagated through it. An SDF usually consists of long thick parts (same as conventional optical fibres) at both ends, transition regions (tapers) where the fibre diameter gradually decreases down to the subwavelength value, and a subwavelength-diameter waist, which is the main acting part. Due to such a strong geometrical confinement, the guided
electromagnetic field in an SDF is restricted to a
singlemode called fundamental.
Name
There is no general agreement on how these optical elements are to be named; different groups prefer to emphasize different properties of such fibres, sometimes even using different terms. The names in use include subwavelength waveguide,[1] subwavelength optical wire,[2] subwavelength-diameter
silica wire,[3] subwavelength diameter fibre taper,[4][5] (
photonic) wire
waveguide,[6][7] photonic wire,[8][9][10] photonic
nanowire,[11][12][13] optical nanowires,[14] optical fibre nanowires,[15] tapered (optical) fibre,[16][17][18][19] fibre taper,[20]submicron-diameter silica fibre,[21][22] ultrathin optical fibres,[23] optical
nanofibre,[24][25] optical
microfibres,[26] submicron fibre waveguides,[27] micro/nano optical wires (MNOW).
The term waveguide can be applied not only to fibres, but also to other waveguiding structures such as
silicon photonic subwavelength waveguides.[28] The term submicron is often synonymous to subwavelength, as the majority of experiments are carried out using light with a wavelength between 0.5 and 1.6 µm.[11] All the names with the prefix nano- are somewhat misleading, since it is usually applied to objects with dimensions on the scale of nanometers (e.g.,
nanoparticle,
nanotechnology). The characteristic behaviour of the SDF appears when the fibre diameter is about half of the wavelength of light. That is why the term subwavelength is the most appropriate for these objects.[original research?]
Manufacturing
An SDF is usually created by tapering a commercial, usually
step-index, optical fibre. Special pulling machines accomplish the process.
An optical fibre usually consists of a core, a
cladding, and a protective coating. Before pulling a fibre, its coating is removed (i.e., the fibre is
stripped). The ends of the bare fibre are fixed onto movable "translation" stages on the machine. The middle of the fibre (between the stages) is then heated with a flame (such as of burning
oxyhydrogen) or a
laser beam; at the same time, the translation stages move in opposite directions. The glass melts and the fibre is elongated, while its diameter decreases.[29]
Using the described method, waists between 1 and 10 mm in length and diameters down to 100 nm are obtained. In order to minimize the losses of light to
unbound modes, one must control the pulling process so that the tapering angles satisfy the
adiabatic condition[30] by not exceeding a certain value, usually in the order of a few
milliradian. For this purpose, a laser beam is coupled to the fibre being pulled and the output light is monitored by an
optical power meter throughout the whole process. A good-quality SDF would transmit over 95% of the coupled light,[29] most losses being due to
scattering on the surface imperfections or impurities at the waist region.
If the fibre being tapered is uniformly pulled over a stationary heating source, the resulting SDF has an
exponential radius profile.[31] In many cases it is convenient to have a cylindrical waist region, that is the waist of a constant thickness. Fabrication of such a fibre requires continuous adjustments of the hotzone by moving the heating source,[29] and the fabrication process becomes significantly longer.
Handling
Being extremely thin, an SDF is also extremely fragile. Therefore, an SDF is usually mounted onto a special frame immediately after pulling and is never detached from this frame. The common way of securing a fibre to the mount is by a polymer glue such as an
epoxy resin or an
optical adhesive.
Dust, however, may attach to the surface of an SDF. If significant laser power is coupled into the fibre, the dust particles will
scatter light in the
evanescent field, heat up, and may thermally destroy the waist. In order to prevent this, SDFs are pulled and used in dust-free environments such as
flowboxes or
vacuum chambers. For some applications, it is useful to immerse the freshly tapered SDF into
purified water and thus protect the waist from contamination.
Applications
This section needs expansion. You can help by
adding to it. (September 2016)
Applications include sensors,[32] nonlinear optics, fibre couplers, atom trapping and guiding,[25][33][34][35] quantum interface for quantum information processing,[36][37] all-optical switches,[38] optical manipulation of dielectric particles.[39][40]
^Zheltikov, A. (2005). "Gaussian-mode analysis of waveguide-enhanced Kerr-type nonlinearity of optical fibers and photonic wires". Journal of the Optical Society of America B. 22 (5): 1100.
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2005JOSAB..22.1100Z.
doi:
10.1364/JOSAB.22.001100.
^Konorov, S. O.; Akimov, D. A.; Serebryannikov, E. E.; Ivanov, A. A.; Alfimov, M. V.; Dukel'Skii, K. V.; Khokhlov, A. V.; Shevandin, V. S.; Kondrat'Ev, Y. N.; Zheltikov, A. M. (2005). "High-order modes of photonic wires excited by the Cherenkov emission of solitons". Laser Physics Letters. 2 (5): 258–261.
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S2CID122277596.
^Dumais, P.; Gonthier, F.; Lacroix, S.; Bures, J.; Villeneuve, A.; Wigley, P. G. J.; Stegeman, G. I. (1993). "Enhanced self-phase modulation in tapered fibers". Optics Letters. 18 (23): 1996.
Bibcode:
1993OptL...18.1996D.
doi:
10.1364/OL.18.001996.
PMID19829470.
^Cordeiro, C. M. B.; Wadsworth, W. J.; Birks, T. A.; Russell, P. S. J. (2005). "Engineering the dispersion of tapered fibers for supercontinuum generation with a 1064 nm pump laser". Optics Letters. 30 (15): 1980–1982.
Bibcode:
2005OptL...30.1980C.
doi:
10.1364/OL.30.001980.
PMID16092239.
^Kolesik, M.; Wright, E. M.; Moloney, J. V. (2004). "Simulation of femtosecond pulse propagation in sub-micron diameter tapered fibers". Applied Physics B. 79 (3): 293–300.
doi:
10.1007/s00340-004-1551-1.
S2CID123400021.
^Wadsworth, W. J.; Ortigosa-Blanch, A.; Knight, J. C.; Birks, T. A.; Man, T. -P. M.; Russell, P. S. J. (2002). "Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers and optical fiber tapers: A novel light source". Journal of the Optical Society of America B. 19 (9): 2148.
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