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Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims in the United States have been presented in various forms by the mass media in the American culture. Stereotypical representations of Arabs are often manifested in a society's media, literature, theater and other creative expressions. These representations, which have been historically and predominantly negative, have adverse repercussions for Arab Americans and Muslims in daily interactions and in current events. In American textbooks, which theoretically should be less-creative expressions, similar negative and inaccurate stereotypes are also found for Arabs [1] and Muslims. [2]

“Billionaires, bombers, and belly dancers”

A report titled 100 Years of Anti-Arab and Anti-Muslim stereotyping by Mazin B. Qumsiyeh, director of media relations for the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, describes what some in the Arab-American community call "the three B syndrome": "Arabs in TV and movies are portrayed as either bombers, belly dancers, or billionaires" a reference to Arab men being portrayed as either terrorists or wealthy oilmen, and Arab women as sex objects. The report also says that cartoons have been insulting to Arab and Muslims, and people who live in the US are the most affected by these stereotypes, which don't only cause psychological harm but also help feed into dehumanization that can lead to physically attacks. According to Mazin B. Qumsiyeh:

Thomas Edison made a short film in 1897 for his patented Kinetoscope in which "Arab" women with enticing clothes dance to seduce a male audience. The short clip was called Fatima Dances. The trend shifted over the years and was dominated by the "billionaires" for a short while, especially during the oil crises of the seventies. However, in the last 30 years, the predominant stereotype by far has been "Arab bombers." [3]

In a piece in the Los Angeles Times published July 28, 1997, Laila Lalami offers a 12-step guide to making a successful Arab-bashing movie, including such items as "the villains must all have beards", "they must all wear keffiehs", "they must all have names like Ali, Abdul or Mustapha" and "threaten to blow something up." [4] [5]

After the September 11th terrorist attacks, Arab-American actors have found themselves even more likely to be typecast as terrorists. [6]

Jack Shaheen, Professor Emeritus of Mass Communications at Southern Illinois University, documented these trends in his book The TV Arab ( ISBN  0-87972-309-2), which identifies more than 21 major movies released over ten years that show the U.S. military killing Arabs, with Arabs depicted as terrorists or enemies of the United States. These included:

In Reel Bad Arabs ( ISBN  1-84437-019-4), Shaheen writes that "television's image of the Arab is omnipresent [and] is becoming a part of American folklore." He also writes that Arabs have "consistently appeared in American popular culture as billionaires, bombers, and belly dancers." [7]

Arab Muslims are fanatics who believe in a different god, who don't value human life as much as we do, they are intent on destroying us (the west) with their oil or with their terrorism; the men seek to abduct and brutally seduce our women; they are without family and reside in a primitive place (the desert) and behave like primitive beings. The women are subservient — resembling black crows — or we see them portrayed as mute, somewhat exotic harem maidens. [8]

The movies Shaheen identifies as the five worst in terms of negative portrayal of Arabs in modern films are:

These stereotypes are the main focus of the semi-autobiographical film Driving to Zigzigland, where the actor/taxi driver Bashar Daas finds himself being invariably typecast as an Arab Muslim extremist in US film auditions. [9] [10] [11]

Another stereotypical character is Achmed The Dead Terrorist by Jeff Dunham which was named mockingly for the prophet of Islam's second name Ahmad. However there has been no action or reaction from the American public and human rights or any religious group against this and other stereotypical characters in this show. [12]

Airport racial profiling after 9/11

Main article: Airport racial profiling in the United States

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, in which 15 of the 19 hijackers were of Saudi Arabian origin and all were Muslim, Arabs and Muslims complained of increased scrutiny and racial profiling at airports. In a poll conducted by the Boston Globe, 71 percent of blacks and 57 percent of whites believed that "Arabs and Arab-Americans should undergo special, more intensive security checks before boarding airplanes." [13] Some Muslims and Arabs complained of being held without explanation and subjected to hours of questioning and arrest without cause. Such cases have led to lawsuits by the American Civil Liberties Union. [14] Fox News radio host Mike Gallagher suggested that airports have a "Muslims Only" line in the wake of the 9/11 attacks stating "It's time to have a Muslims check-point line in America's airports and have Muslims be scrutinized. You better believe it, it's time." [15] In Queens, New York, Muslims and Arabs complained that the NYPD unfairly targets Muslim communities in raids tied to the alleged Zazi terror plot. [16][ unreliable source?]

Stereotypes in film and their effects

Stereotypes that the west has of the Middle East have made their way into the film industry, including that Muslims are terrorists, that all Muslims and Arabs look alike, and that the women are oppressed and abused, are only housewives and don't work. [17] The tv series Homeland portrays a Palestinian as a terrorist. In the show Arabs are shown as "backward, violent, and uncivilised". [18][ unreliable source?]

When impressionable children in the US who may not have much experience with Muslims or Arabs see negative depictions of Arabs they come to believe that this is reality. Children who had had some exposure to Muslims or were familiar with Islam viewed Arab Muslims more positively than less knowledgeable children. [19]

See also

References

  1. ^ Null, J. Wesley, ed. (2008). American Educational History Journal Volume 35, Number 1 And 2 2008. Charlotte, N.C.: Information Age Pub. ISBN  9781617351037. OCLC  841367217.
  2. ^ Douglass, Susan L.; Dunn, Ross E. (2003-07-01). "Interpreting Islam in American Schools". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 588 (1): 52–72. doi: 10.1177/0002716203588001005. ISSN  0002-7162. S2CID  143796258.
  3. ^ Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. "100 Years of anti-Arab and anti-Muslim stereotyping". The Prism. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  4. ^ Lalami, Laila. "Why Hollywood Owes Me Money". MoorishGirl. Archived from the original on 2002-06-09.
  5. ^ Lalami, Laila (1997-07-28). "Arab-Bashing for Fun and Profit". Los Angeles Times. ISSN  0458-3035. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  6. ^ Khalil, Ashraf (2007-10-04). "But can you play a terrorist?". Los Angeles Times. ISSN  0458-3035. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  7. ^ "The Portrayal of Arabs in American Media". Archived from the original on July 13, 2006.
  8. ^ a b Kessler, Jim. "Patrick Harrington interviews, Jack Shaheen, author of Reel Bad Arabs". Thirdway.org. Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
  9. ^ Driving to Zigzigland – Official site. Retrieved Oct 2012.
  10. ^ Driving to Zigzigland IMDb, 2006. Retrieved Oct 2012.
  11. ^ War on terror drives Arab actor to "Zigzigland" Reuters, 14 Dec 2006. Retrieved 2 Oct 2012.
  12. ^ "How Jeff Dunham's offensive puppets became the voice of Trump's America". TheGuardian.com. 8 May 2018.
  13. ^ "Official: 15 of 19 Sept. 11 hijackers were Saudi". USA Today. 6 February 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  14. ^ MacFarquhar, Neil (2006-06-01). "Terror Fears Hamper U.S. Muslims' Travel". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  15. ^ "Fox News Airs Suggestion for 'Muslim-Only' Airport Line". The Huffington Post. 16 August 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  16. ^ Henrick Karoliszyn, Samuel Goldsmith (10 October 2009). "Muslim advocates charge NYPD is racial profiling". Daily News (New York). Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  17. ^ Change, Teaching for (2017-04-08). "Countering Arab Stereotypes". Social Justice Books. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
  18. ^ "Excellence in Student Writing | Rhetorikos: Excellence in Student Composition". Retrieved 2023-11-29.
  19. ^ Brown, Christie Spears (26 December 2017). "U.S. Children's Stereotypes and Prejudicial Attitudes toward Arab Muslims". Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. 17: 60–83. doi: 10.1111/asap.12129. Retrieved 29 November 2023.

Further reading

External links

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