Stachybotrys (/ˌstækiˈbɒtrɪs/) is a
genus of
molds,
hyphomycetes or
asexually reproducing, filamentous
fungi, now placed in the family
Stachybotryaceae. The genus was erected by
August Carl Joseph Corda in 1837. Historically, it was considered closely related to the genus Memnoniella,[2][3] because the
spores are produced in slimy heads rather than in dry chains. Recently, the synonymy of the two genera is generally accepted.[4] Most Stachybotrys species inhabit materials rich in
cellulose. The genus has a widespread distribution and contained about 50 species in 2008.[5] There are 88 records of Stachybotrys on
Species Fungorum (in 2023), of which 33 species have DNA sequence data in
GenBank. Species in the genus are commonly found in soil, plant litter (hay, straw, cereal grains, and decaying plant debris) and air and a few species have been found from damp paper, cotton, linen, cellulose-based building materials water-damaged indoor buildings, and air ducts from both aquatic and terrestrial habitats (Izabel et al. 2010;[6] Lombard et al. 2016;[7] Hyde et al. 2020a).[8]
The name of Stachybotrys is derived from the
Greek words σταχυς stakhus (ear of grain, stalk, stick; metaphorically, progeny) and βότρυς botrus (cluster or bunch as in grapes, trusses).
The most infamous species, Stachybotrys chartarum (previously known as Stachybotrys atra) and Stachybotrys chlorohalonata, are known as black mold or toxic black mold in the U.S., and are frequently associated with poor
indoor air quality that arises after fungal growth on water-damaged building materials.[9]Stachybotryschemotypes are toxic, with one producing
trichothecenemycotoxins including
satratoxins, and another that produces
atranones.[10] However, the association of Stachybotrys mold with specific health conditions is not well proven and there exists a debate within the scientific community.[11][12][13]
Conidia
Conidia are in slimy masses, smooth to coarsely rough, dark olivaceous to brownish black, obovoid, later becoming ellipsoid with age, 10–13 × 5–7 mm.
Phialides are obovate or ellipsoidal, colorless early then turning to olivaceous with maturity, smooth, 12–14 × 5–7 mm, in clusters of 5 to 9 phialides. Conidiophores are simple, erect, smooth to rough, colorless to olivaceous, slightly enlarged apically, mostly unbranched but occasionally branched. Conidia of Stachybotrys are very characteristic and can be confidently identified in spore count samples. This genus is closely related to Memnoniella. Species of Memnoniella may occasionally develop Stachybotrys-like conidia, and vice versa.[14]
A controversy began in the early 1990s after analysis of two infant deaths and multiple cases in children from the poor areas of
Cleveland, Ohio, United States, due to
pulmonary hemorrhage were initially linked to exposure to heavy amounts of Stachybotrys chartarum. Subsequent and extensive reanalysis of the cases by the United States
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have failed to find any link between the deaths and the mold exposure.[16][17]
^Seifert, Keith A.; Gams, Gareth; Morgan-Jones, Walter; Kendrick, Bryce (2011). The Genera of Hyphomycetes. CBS Biodiversity Series. Utrecht, the Netherlands: CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre. pp. 1–997.
ISBN978-90-70351-85-4.
ISSN1571-8859.
^Paul M., Kirk; Cannon, Paul F.; Minter, David W.; Stalpers, Joost A., eds. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 659.
ISBN978-0-85199-826-8.
LCCN2009285939.