From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In attempts to retain or re-assert control over its
colonies in America , the
Spanish Empire deployed several
expeditionary forces during and after the
Spanish American wars of independence . The largest of these forces, known as "the expeditionary army of
Costa Firme ",
[1] and consisting of over 10,000 troops under
General Morillo , undertook the
Spanish reconquest of New Granada (1815–16).
[2] Forces were also sent to
New Spain between 1812 and 1817.
[3] Later, after
Mexican independence in 1821, a Spanish garrison was sent from
Cuba to occupy Spain's last Mexican outpost, the fortress of
San Juan de Ulúa ; this force remained there until surrendering in 1825.
[4] Finally, a force under
Isidro Barradas Valdés attempted to
regain control of Mexico in 1829.
[5]
Viceroyalty of New Spain
Counter insurgency (1812-1821)
Period
year
Number of men
Units and Commanders (units changed names in 1820 )
European Expeditions 1812 - 1817
flag
year 1812
Unit
soldiers
Officers
Battalion Asturias (Mallorca)
270 men
-
Battalion Lobera (Infante Don Carlos)
847 men
Francisco Bucelli, teniente coronel
Regiment América (Murcia)
817 men, one Battalion
Juan José Olazábal
Battalion Castilla (Voluntarios de Castilla)
649 men
Francisco Hevia
Battalion Zamora
910 men
Rafael Bracho
Battalion Fernando VII -expediciónario-
364 men
Ángel Díaz del Castro, teniente coronel
year 1813
Year 1815
Brigadier Fernando Miyares y Mancebo, commander of expedition
unit
soldiers
officers
Regiment Órdenes Militares
1126 men, 2 Battalions
Coronel Francisco LLamas
Battalion Voluntarios de Navarra (Barcelona)
623 men
Coronel José Ruiz
Year 1817
Mariscal de Campo Pascual Liñan, commander of expedition.
unit
soldiers
officers
Regiment Zaragoza
2 Battalions
brigadier Domingo Luaces
Defense of San Juan de Ulúa (1821-1825)
Date
Expeditions
Units
San Juan de Ulúa
Bandera de la flota naval y de las fortalezas españolas
Fortress
San Juan de Ulúa (
Veracruz )
August 7, 1821
Brigadier Juan Rodríguez de la Torre, comandante en jefe
Unit
Soldiers
1º Company mixed form Regiments Habana and Luisiana, and Battalions Málaga, Cataluña and Tarragona.
105 men
2º Company de Battalion Pardos de la Habana.
75 men
3º Company de Battalion Morenos de la Habana.
75 men
4º Company de voluntarios.
105 men
August 1821
October 1822
1º Commander of fortress
Brigadier
Francisco Lemaur .
834 soldiers y 44 officers, y 100 artillery men Battalion Cataluña and Málaga.
December 24, 1822
354 soldiers y 8 officers Battalion Málaga
75 soldiers Battalion Tarragona
March 1823
numbers similar to 1º relief from battalions Cataluña, Tarragona y Málaga.
August 1823
July 1824
227 men from Battalions Cataluña and Málaga.
January 1825
300 men battalions Cataluña and Tarragona, plus 116 men from Battalion Pardos y Morenos de Cuba.
2º Commander of fortress, brigadier
José Coppinger .
Expedition of Isidro Barradas (1829)
Division of Vanguard (1829)
flag
Commander
Units
Regiment de la Corona (3 Battalions )
I Battalion Rey Fernando
II Battalion Reina Amalia
III Battalion Real Borbón
Squadron of cavalry (dismounted) (incomplete)
Company of artillery (short)
Expeditionary Army of Costa Firme
(Venezuela and
New Granada )
Viceroyalty of Perú
(Perú, Chile and
Upper Peru )
References
^
The Americas . Academy of American Franciscan History. 1961. p. 173.
^ Lynch, Spanish American Revolutions , 209. Rodríguez, Independence of Spanish America , 122. Kinsbruner, Independence in Spanish America , 57.
^ Small contingents from Spain had been arriving in the Americas since 1810. On August 25, 1810, a group of
Spanish Marines arrived in
Veracruz from
Cádiz on the
frigate , Nuestra señora de Atocha under the command of
Rosendo Porlier and accompanying Viceroy
Francisco Javier Venegas . These were the first Spaniards to have come from Europe in support of
royalists . Frieyro de Lara. Guerra ejército y sociedad en el nacimiento de la España contemporánea . (2009, Universidad de Granada) p. 660.
^ Jaime E. Rodríguez O. (2005).
The Divine Charter: Constitutionalism and Liberalism in Nineteenth-century Mexico . Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 205–6.
ISBN
978-0-7425-3710-1 .
^ Ruiz Gordejuela Urquijo, Jesús (2006).
La expulsión de los españoles de México y su destino incierto, 1821-1836 . Universidad de Sevilla.
ISBN
978-84-00-08467-7 .