Soil sloughing is soil falling off banks and slopes due to a loss in cohesion. [1] Soil sloughs off for the same reasons as landslides in general, with very wet soil being among the leading factors. [2][ self-published source] Sloughing is a relatively shallow phenomenon involving the uppermost layers of the soil. Bare soils are more likely to slough than soils with plant cover in part because the roots help hold the surface against gravity. Unabated soil sloughing can end in massive bank or slope failure. [3]
Impact on soil quality
According to the Mohr-Coulomb equation, the cohesion of a soil is defined as the shear strength at zero normal pressure on the surface of failure. [4] The shear force is a function of cohesion, normal stress on rupture surface, and angle of internal friction. Shear force is significantly impacted by drainage conditions. [5] Increasing water content would lead to a weaker shear strength, which in turn decreases the cohesion. [6] Moreover, when the soil water content passes a threshold value, the cohesion drops dramatically, impacting soil compaction and destabilizing soil structure, leading to soil sloughing. [6]
Vegetation
The likelihood of soil sloughing can increase after vegetation is removed from the bank and slope. [7] Vegetation provides root strength and modifies the saturated soil water regime to stabilize the soil. [7] Plant roots can anchor into cracks in bedrock through soil mass and can pass through weak areas to more stable soils to provide interlocking long-fibre binders in weak soil blocks. [7] It requires 137 tons of forces to break a soil mass reinforced by linden, which 130 tones are used to break the roots and only 7 tons are required to lead to bank failure. [8]
Soil Water
Due to precipitation, seasonal changes in Water content can lead to soil sloughing. [7] Soil sloughing is also an indicator of active soil movement and frequently requires action to reduce or prevent bank and slope failure. Soil water content is highly related to the mass erosion that leads to soil sloughing or even slopes failure. [7] Active pore water pressure can reduce the shear strength by up to 60% and lower cohesion through leaching and eluviation. [7] The loss of root strength following harvesting decreases the safety factor to a level where a moderate storm with associated pore water pressure rising can result in slope failure, despite the deforestation event that happened in the past and root reinforcement had increased. [7] Vegetation help remove some quantity of soil moisture by evapotranspiration. [7] Most slope failures by storms occur when the soil is saturated. Moreover, Soil moisture in the deforested area is higher than in forested areas. [7]
See also
References
- ^ McLemore, Virginia (2008). Basics of Metal Mining Influenced Water. p. 88.
- ^ Yerima, Bernard; van Ranst, E. (2005). Introduction to Soil Science: Soils of the Tropics. Trafford Publishing. p. 359.
- ^ "Indicators of potentially unstable slopes" (PDF). Sound Native Plants. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
- ^ Shahangian, S (2011). "Variable Cohesion Model for Soil Shear Strength Evaluation" (PDF). Pan-AmCGS Geotechnical Conference.
- ^ Labuz, Joseph F.; Zang, Arno (2012-11-01). "Mohr–Coulomb Failure Criterion". Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 45 (6): 975–979. Bibcode: 2012RMRE...45..975L. doi: 10.1007/s00603-012-0281-7. ISSN 1434-453X. S2CID 53556100.
- ^
a
b Huang, Kun; Wan, J.-W; Chen, G.; Zeng, Y. (2012-09-01).
"Testing study of relationship between water content and shear strength of unsaturated soils". 33: 2600–2604.
{{ cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=( help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i Robert, R. Ziemer (1981). "THE ROLE OF VEGETATION IN THE STABILITY OF FORESTED SLOPES" (PDF). Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Forest Service, U.S. Dept. Of Agric., 1700 Bayview Dr., Arcata, CA, USA.
- ^ Turmanina, V.I (1963). "The magnitude of the reinforcing role of tree roots". Moscow Univ. Herald, Scientific Jour. series V, no. 4: 78–80.