Sinotaia aeruginosa (synonym: Bellamya aeruginosa) is a
species of
freshwater snail with a
gill and an
operculum, an
aquaticgastropod mollusk in the family
Viviparidae. It is widely distributed and common species in China and in northern Vietnam inhabiting various shallow freshwater habitats, where it can reach high densities. It is a
keystone species in its habitat and can significantly affect water quality and phytoplankton communities. It is commonly used in Chinese cuisine.
Taxonomy
This species was described under the name Paludina aeruginosa by English
conchologistLovell Augustus Reeve in 1863. He noted that it he thought it "very closely allied to Paludina quadrata".[2] Reeve's original text (the
type description) reads as follows:
The Bronze Paludina Shell rather narrowly pyramidally conical, dark blue-green, whorls slopingly convex, sometimes obtusely keeled towards the base, everywhere obliquely plicately striated, beneath the lens spirally obsoletely very minutely punctured; aperture pyriformly ovate.
Hab. China.
Very closely allied to P. quadrata, from the same
locality, the specimens are uniformly lighter, and of a peculiar
bronze blue-green colour.
The
specific nameaeruginosa derives from Latin aerūgō ("copper rust" or "bronze rust"), referring to the green color of the shell.
Later authors considered this taxon as a subspecies[3] or
form[4] of Bellamya quadrata.[1] It is generally classified as a species Sinotaia aeruginosa within the genus Sinotaia,[1] although Chinese malacologists use the name Bellamya aeruginosa within the genus Bellamya.
The height of the
shell is 20–30 mm (0.79–1.18 in), with both sexes having identical shell dimensions. Adults snails have shell of greater height than width. The shells of newborn snails are 2.93–3.70 mm (0.115–0.146 in) long, and differ from those of adults in being wider than high.[8] The snail including the shell has a weight of about 2.8 g.[9]
S. aeruginosa breathes with
gills. The right tentacle is thickened in the male but not the female.[8] The dry weight of composition of this species is as follows: 28.6% foot, 23.06% intestine, 9.78% gonad, 8.58% hepatopancreas, 29.98% other tissue.[10] The diploid
chromosome number of Sinotaia aeruginosa is 2n=16.[11]
Ecology
Habitat
S. aeruginosa inhabits rice paddies, lakes, pools, slow flowing rivers, streams, ditches, ponds, and canals called
khlongs in Vietnam.[1][8] It has a
benthic lifestyle and lives mainly in shallow
littoral areas,[12] usually in soft mud rich in organic matter.[8] It can actively glide over the sediment or bury into it.[13] This species is not
actively migrating, rather its
dispersal appears to be caused passively by floods, animals (
zoochory), and accidentally by humans.[6] The species prefers water temperatures typical of subtropical habitats, e.g., 6 to 30.1 °C (42.8 to 86.2 °F) in
Lake Tai.[13]
Populations can reach densities of up to 400 snails/m2.[8] In
Chao Lake, it is the
dominant gastropod species with an abundance 2-128 snails/m2 and an average biomass of 87.5 g/m2.[14] It is similarly dominant in Lake Tai.[15]
S. aeruginosa has been found to respond well to laboratory conditions with a water temperature of 24 °C, pH 8 and a 1:4 ratio of sediment to water.[8]
Populations of S. aeruginosa at high densities are able to alter the physicochemical features of water. They decrease the concentration of
chlorophyll a and thus directly increase water transparency. This indirectly decreases the concentration of dissolved oxygen through consumption of oxygen-producing algae.[12] The species affects the composition of the
phytoplankton community by decreasing the biomass of mostly toxic cyanobacteria and
flagellates and promoting the biomass of mostly colonial green algae.[9][12] Nitrogen concentrations may also be decreased.[9] Its pronounced effect on water chemistry and community composition makes S. aeruginosa a
keystone species in its habitat.[5]
S. aeruginosa is
gonochoristic, which means that each individual animal is distinctly male or female.[6] The species is
ovoviviparous.[16] Newborn snails attach to non-sediment substrates (shells of adults or other material) in their first 2–3 days.[8]
The shell length of juvenile snails starts at about 3 mm and grows rapidly by about 190 μm daily. Juveniles become adults at the age of nine weeks, when they reach a shell height of 12.15–16.09 mm; from then on, they grow more slowly at about 30 μm daily. Snails can be reliably sexed at this age.[8]
Individuals start mating and reproducing in at water temperatures of 16–18 °C, although a temperature of 24–26 °C is optimal. Females start to give birth to the first newborn snails at the age of 18 weeks, when they reach a shell height of 15–16 mm and a body weight of 0.81–0.94 g.[8][16]Gravidity of adult females lasts the entire year.[8] The average number of newborn snails in the wild is 0.24 snails per day (50 per year)[8][16] or up to 0.55 snails per day in the laboratory.[8] Each gravid female carries 19–21 embryos inside her.[8]
Predators of the species include the
black carpMylopharyngodon piceus; S. aeruginosa is one of the main food sources for this fish, making it important in the freshwater
food chain.[8]
S. aeruginosa is commonly sold in markets and restaurants in China[37] and constitutes one of the three predominant freshwater snails found in Chinese markets,[32] where it is considered a delicacy.[10] The species is also used as feed in crab culture[19] as well as fish, poultry and livestock raising.[1] The annual production of S. aeruginosa in
Chao Lake in 2002 amounted to 28 084 t.[19] Although harvesting pressure in China is high, the high genetic diversity suggests that the species is currently not negatively affected by it.[6]
References
This article incorporates public domain text from the reference[2]
^
abcdReeve L. A. (1863). "Paludina".
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