The saeta (Spanish pronunciation:[saˈeta]) is a revered form of Andalusian religious song, whose form and style have evolved over many centuries. Saetas evoke strong emotion and are sung most often during public processions. The saeta, an unaccompanied song, is also believed to stem from Jewish religious songs which are believed to date back to the 16th century.
Performance
The saeta is a song of Catholic Andalusia dating back many centuries.[1] The saeta antigua [old saeta] probably arose from the recitation of
psalms under the influence of
liturgical music.[2] "Saetas vary greatly in form and style, ranging from simple syllabic melodies to highly ornamented ones."[3] In the older tradition, solemn drums and horns might accompany the singer, or the saetero sang alone. Since the nineteenth century, however, the more favored saetas have incorporated distinct elements associated with
Flamenco music, particularly the
siguiriyas.[4]
The saeta is best known for its mournful power during
Holy Week in Spain.[5] The song is performed during the
processions by religious
confraternities that move slowly through the streets of cities and towns in
southern Spain.[6][7][8] Possessing a plaintive emotional intensity, and dramatic charge, the saeta is sung by the saetero, often from a balcony, and may be addressed to the statue of
Jesus below, in his agony on the
Via Dolorosa, or to that of his suffering mother
Mary.[9] These and other crafted statues are mounted on platforms and carried along the streets on the shoulders of several
penitents who pass among the assembled public.[10] The immediate emotional response to the saeta, often of intense sorrow, may be the reason for its name, as the Spanish word saeta can mean "arrow or dart".[11][12] One of the places with the most tradition and variety in the singing of the flamenco saeta in Spain is
Jerez de la Frontera.
Saetas are also sung at outdoor devotions throughout
Lent, and may be sung during the
Christmas season as well.[3] A special form of the saeta (the saeta carcelera) is also sung at prisons during visits there by the confraternities.[6][13] Several of the cities in
Andalusia have their own peculiar styles of the saeta.[14] Four intentions or themes have been distinguished from the religious lyrics, which mark the music of Saeta: descriptive, praising, prayerful, and exhortative.[15]
The music
The saeta is frequently sung
a cappella. Taken from
flamenco music are the
melismas,
tercios, and other flourishes. Although the saeta is one of the
cantes a palo seco, the singer may also be accompanied, e.g., by beating drums, and horns.[11] Arabic and Hebraic origins have been proposed.[16][17]
Palos of flamenco adopted by the saeta include especially the
siguiriyas and the
martinetes. Other forms include the saeta por
soleares, the por polos, the por cañas, and the por
fandangos.[18] Flamenco guitar accompaniment may be in 2 4 or 6 8time, or may
interchange regularly between 3 4 and 6 8.[19] Commonly the saetero sings in a minor key finishing on the dominant; the
meter of different verses will often be variable depending on the interpretation.[11] The cantaor
Manuel Torre (1878–1933) was well regarded for his Saeta.[20][21]
Its passion
Of a diverse heritage, the Saeta has become the emotional artistic fruit of several cultures. The Gypsies "se sienten identificados con los episodios de la
Pasión y consideran a Jesús como un hermano en desgracia que sufre persecusión y
muerte."[22] Nothing of course substitutes for hearing and bearing witness to the Saeta.
"La saeta, pues, costituye la síntesis antropológica del andaluz (hondura, plástica, señorío, dolor metafísico) coronada en santidad. La saeta exige un máximo de veracidad pasional, por lo mismo que a nadie le es dado encaramarse en la audacia de sus ayes sin la potencia y la certeza que brinda la posesión heroica del dolor."[23]
It is said that Andalusians must talk to God during
Holy Week, singing the Saeta during a
cofradía procession being a mode of choice.[24][25]
Reference notes
^Manuel Ríos Ruiz at page 71. The saeta's etymology is not clear.
^Saeta can also mean "bud of a vine" or "hand of a clock" or "magnetic needle". Appleton's New Cuyás Dictionary, v.2 (NY 1928; Cumbre, México 16th ed. 1966), p. 488.
^Manuel Ríos Ruiz at p. 72, approving earlier work by Ricardo Molina and Antonio Mairena.
^Ángel Álvarez Caballero at 126, quoting Durán Muñoz, Andalucía y su cante (1968).
^Félix Grande at I: 161-162, referring to the Kol Nidrei.
^Ángel Álvarez Caballero at 129; he quotes Hipólito Rossy on the musical transformation: "El
martinetes ya no suena a martinetes, sino a saeta." ["The martinetes no longer sound like martinetes, but as saeta."]
^The saeta por
siguiriyas alternates between 3 4 and 6 8 time ("1, 2, 3, and a 4, and a 5"). Cf., Andrés Batista at 16, 18, 72, 74.
^Ángel Álvarez Caballero at 129. The Gitanos "see themselves in the scenes of the Passion and look upon Jesus as a brother of sorrows who suffers persecution and death."
^Anselmo González Climent at 317. "The saeta, well, it constitutes the anthropological synthesis of the
Andalucian (profundity, adaptiveness, aristocracy, metaphysical sadness) crowned with holiness. The saeta demands the maximum of true passion, so that nobody is given to rise above by their bold cries without the potential, the certainty of being offered the heroic possession of suffering."
Manuel Ríos Ruiz, Introducción al Cante Flamenco (Madrid: Ediciones Istmo 1972).
Recordings
CD & video
Maestros de la Saeta. Semana Santa en Sevilla (CD by Planet Records 1993). Apparently from the 1930s to the 1960s, included are various saeteros with different or no accompaniment, among them the well known
Niña de los Peines (1890-1969) and Manuel Vallejo (1891-1960).
YouTube presents videos of recent Saeta performances, some made during the Holy Week processions.
Other idioms
Joaquín Turina, "Jueves Santo a medianoche (Desfile de una cofradía por una callejuela)" in his Sevilla. Suite pintoresca, Opus 2, no. 2 (Sevilla 1908) [Classical].
Miles Davis, "Saeta" in his album Sketches of Spain (Columbia Records: recorded 1959–1960, released 1960), at band 4 (5:06), written by
Gil Evans [Jazz].