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AAD is the SPARS code (highlighted in red) on Madonna's 1990 album, The Immaculate Collection

The SPARS code is a three-position alphabetic classification system developed in the early 1980s by the Society of Professional Audio Recording Services (SPARS) for commercial compact disc releases to denote aspects of the sound recording and reproduction process, distinguishing between the use of analog equipment and digital equipment. The code's three positions refer to recording, mixing, and mastering respectively. The first two positions may be coded either "A" for analog or "D" for digital; the third position (mastering) is always "D" on digital CDs. The scheme was not originally intended to be limited to use on digital packaged media: it was also available for use in conjunction with analog releases such as vinyl or cassette (where the final character would always be "A"), but this was seldom done in practice.

The system was first implemented in 1984. Due to increasing complexity of recording and mixing processes developed over the code's first decade of use, SPARS decided to withdraw endorsement of the code in 1991 because they felt the code was overly simplistic and did not accurately reflect the complexity of typical recording and mixing processes in use at the time. However, many record labels continued to use the code and SPARS decided to re-endorse the SPARS code in 1995.

Codes

AAD, ADD and DDD codes seen on various CDs of archive material issued by Decca during the mid-to-late 1980s

The three letters of the code have the following meanings:

  • First letter – the type of audio recorder (usually a tape recorder) used during initial recording (analog or digital)
  • Second letter – the type of audio recorder used during mixing (analog or digital)
  • Third letter – the type of mastering used (always digital for CD releases)

Eight possible variants of the code exist:

  • AAA – A fully analogue recording, from the original session to mastering. Since at least the mastering recorder must be digital to make a compact disc, this code is not applicable to CDs. [1] While it was originally intended that the code could be used for analog releases, which would have the final letter "A", this virtually never occurred in practice. (RykoDisc apparently released some cassettes coded AAA.). [2]
  • ADA – Analog tape recorder used during initial recording, digital tape recorder used for mixing/editing, analog mastering.
  • DAA – Digital tape recorder used during initial recording, analog tape recorder used for mixing/editing and mastering.
  • DDA – Digital tape recording used during initial recording, mixing/editing, analog mastering.
  • AAD – Analog tape recorder used during initial recording, mixing/editing, digital mastering.
  • ADD – Analog tape recorder used during initial recording, digital tape recorder used during mixing/editing and for mastering.
  • DAD – Digital tape recorder used during initial recording, analog tape recorder used during mixing/editing, digital mastering.
  • DDD – Digital tape recorder used during initial recording, mixing/editing and for mastering.

Since CD is a digital medium, it must be produced from a digital master—therefore the last letter of the code will always be D. Newer LPs stored the music in analog format, yet they were often labeled as DDD, as the recording and mixing/editing were both digital.

As digital tape recorders only became widely available in the late 1970s, almost all recordings prior to this date that appear on CD will be AAD or ADD, having been digitally remastered. This means that the original analog master tape has been converted (transcribed) to digital. It does not always imply that there has been any additional editing or mixing, although this may have taken place.

In practice DAD was very rare, as many companies (especially the well-known classical music labels) used digital tape recorders (which were not prohibitively more expensive than analog tape recorders) during the editing or mixing stage.

The jewel box booklet and/or inlay of early compact discs included the SPARS code, typically DDD, ADD, or AAD. The typeface Combi Symbols CD includes the two common ways that the code was written on recordings.

History

Chris Stone and other members of the Society of Professional Audio Recording Services (SPARS) proposed the code with a set of guidelines for CD manufacturers to mark their product with an indication of exactly which parts of the recording process were analog and which were digital. [3]

The SPARS code was first introduced on commercial CD releases by PolyGram in 1984. [4]

SPARS withdrew endorsement of the code in 1991 due to confusion over analog and digital conversions and interfaces; many felt the SPARS code oversimplified and meaningless. [3] However, many labels continued to use it, and in 1995, the organization re-endorsed the code. [3]

Limitations

Lack of detail

The main limitation of the code is that it only covers the type of tape recorder used, not taking into account other equipment used in the production of the recording. For example, during the mixing stage (the middle letter in the code) many DDD recordings may have actually been converted from digital to analog, mixed on an analog mixing console, but converted back to digital and digitally recorded, thus earning it a D in the relevant part of the code. In addition to this, many recordings have effects or parts of different recordings added on to them, creating more confusion for the code.

Representation of quality

Regardless of the quality of the recording, many DDD classical music compact discs typically sold for considerably more than their ADD counterparts of the same work, due to the so-called premium attached to the fledgling digital recording technology. For instance, Herbert von Karajan's and Berliner Philharmoniker's rendition of Beethoven's Symphony No. 3, an analogue recording from 1977 that won the Grand Prix du Disque, sold for considerably less than their 1984 digital recording of the same piece, though the newer recording was not particularly critically acclaimed.

Examples

These albums with common SPARS codes (AAD, ADD, DDD) are arranged by year of release on CD, where known:

Year Album Artist SPARS Code Notes
1984 Body and Soul Joe Jackson DDD
1984 Zoolook Jean-Michel Jarre DDD Mislabeled as an analog recording on 21st-century remasters
1984 Grace Under Pressure Rush AAD
1984 Love at First Sting Scorpions DDD
1984 The Unforgettable Fire U2 ADD
1985 No Jacket Required Phil Collins AAD/ADD Marked ADD on the back cover and AAD on the rear booklet.
1985 Brothers In Arms Dire Straits DDD [5]
1985 Little Creatures Talking Heads AAD
1986 Invisible Touch Genesis ADD
1986 Notorious Duran Duran DDD
1986 Somewhere In Time Iron Maiden ADD
1986 Turbo Judas Priest DDD
1986 The Thin Red Line Glass Tiger ADD
1986 A Kind Of Magic Queen DDD Mislabeled ADD on the 1986 Capitol Records CD release.
1986 Rage For Order Queensrÿche AAD
1986 True Stories Talking Heads DDD Misidentified as an analog recording on the 1986 Sire Records CD release, which has no SPARS code.
1986 Master Of Puppets Metallica AAD
1987 Whitesnake Whitesnake DDD
1987 Bad Michael Jackson DDD
1987 Music for the Masses Depeche Mode DDD Misidentified as an analog recording on the 1987 Sire Records CD release despite retaining the DDD SPARS code.
1987 ...Nothing Like the Sun Sting DDD
1988 Love Hysteria Peter Murphy DDD
1988 Lead Me On Amy Grant DDD
1988 Small World Huey Lewis And The News AAD
1988 Flag Yello ADD
1989 When Dream and Day Unite Dream Theater ADD
1989 The Miracle Queen DDD
1989 The Seeds of Love Tears for Fears DDD
1989 Rei Momo David Byrne ADD
1989 Enjoy Yourself Kylie Minogue AAD
1990 Wanted: Dead Or Alive Kool G Rap & DJ Polo DDD
1990 Down to Earth Monie Love DDD
1991 The Soul Cages Sting DDD
1991 Waking Up The Neighbours Bryan Adams DDD
1991 Loveless My Bloody Valentine AAD
1991 Out Of Time R.E.M. AAD
1991 Real Life Simple Minds DDD
1991 On Every Street Dire Straits DDD
1991 Bandwagonesque Teenage Fanclub AAD
1992 Angel Dust Faith No More AAD
1993 Ten Summoner's Tales Sting DDD
1993 In Utero Nirvana AAD
1994 Superunknown Soundgarden AAD
1994 Weezer Weezer AAD
1994 Live Through This Hole AAD
1995 A Thousand Memories Rhett Akins DDD
1995 Astro-Creep: 2000 White Zombie AAD

Pre-1984 digital recordings

Many older recordings previously issued on vinyl were reissued on CD, beginning with the format's commercial introduction in late 1982 (see Digital recording for a timeline). Reissue CDs often only have the original LP's copyright dates on them, so it's not obvious when the CDs were actually made. If they bear a SPARS code, though, the manufacture date was no earlier than 1984. Most of these older recordings were analog, so it's not unusual to see AAD and ADD codes, but occasional examples of digital-recording codes appear on later CD editions, such as these:

  • Ry Cooder Bop till You Drop (1979; first CD release 1983; date of CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD; first digitally-recorded album in the world.
  • Paul Davis Cool Night (1981; first CD Release Feb. 1983; date of CD release with SPARS code 1983) – DDD; first album which was digitally recorded and mixed at Monarch Sound In Atlanta Georgia.
  • ABBA The Visitors (1981; first CD release Oct. 1982; date of CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD; first commercial album pressed on Compact Disc, itself the first publicly available format for digital audio.
  • Peter Gabriel Peter Gabriel (1982; first CD release 1983; date of first CD release with SPARS code 1988) – DDD (incorrectly printed as "AAD" on first release with SPARS code)
  • Donald Fagen The Nightfly (1982; date of first CD release 1983; date of first CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD

Unusual codes

Different codes for different tracks
A/DDD
  • Mötley Crüe Decade of Decadence 81-91 (1991) – The A/D for the first letter was probably written to reflect that the compilation had both songs that were recorded with analog tape and songs that were recorded digitally.
DD
AAA
ADA
  • HB – The End of New Beginnings (Music Cassette) – Hell Breaks (2013) – ADA
DAD
DDDD
DDAD
  • Front 242 06:21:03:11 Up Evil and 05:22:09:12 Off (both 1993) – DDAD (The additional "D" was added to indicate the instruments the music was made on were digital. Ie, the music on the records were made on digital instruments and recorded digitally, but mixed using analog equipment)
DDA/DDD
  • Kenny RobertsYou're My Kind of People and It Only Makes Me Cry (Forgetting You) (1988; early 2000s CD releases) – DDA/DDD (Digital Recording And Mixing, but initially released only on analog formats.)

See also

References

  1. ^ McComb, Gordon; Cook, John (1987), Compact Disc Player Maintenance and Repair, McGraw-Hill, p. 55, ISBN  0-8306-2790-1
  2. ^ "Interesting SPARS code..." Steve Hoffman Forum. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  3. ^ a b c Caldwell, Pete (1999). "SPARS History: 1979–". Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  4. ^ "Audio/Video Currents". High Fidelity. October 1984.
  5. ^ Milner, Greg (2009). "Chapter 7: The Story of the Band That Clipped Itself to Death (and Other Dispatches from the Loudness War)". Perfecting Sound Forever: An Aural History of Recorded Music. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN  978-0865479388.