Rudbeckia (/rʌdˈbɛkiə/)[4] is a plant genus in the
Asteraceae or composite family.[5][6] Rudbeckia flowers feature a prominent, raised central disc in black, brown shades of green, and in-between tones, giving rise to their familiar common names of coneflowers and black-eyed-susans. All are native to
North America, and many species are cultivated in gardens for their showy yellow or gold flower heads that bloom in mid to late summer.
The species are
herbaceous, mostly
perennial plants (some
annual or
biennial) growing to 0.5–3.0 m tall, with simple or branched stems. The
leaves are spirally arranged, entire to deeply lobed, and 5–25 cm long. The
flowers are produced in
daisy-like
inflorescences, with yellow or orange florets arranged in a prominent, cone-shaped head; "cone-shaped" because the ray florets tend to point out and down (are
decumbent) as the flower head opens.
A large number of
species have been proposed within Rudbeckia, but most are now regarded as
synonyms of the limited list given below.
Several currently accepted species have several accepted varieties. Some of them (for example the black-eyed susan, R. hirta), are popular garden flowers distinguished for their long flowering times. Many
cultivars of these species are known.
The name was given by
Carolus Linnaeus to honor his patron and fellow botanist at
Uppsala University,
Olof Rudbeck the Younger (1660–1740), as well as Rudbeck's late father
Olof Rudbeck the Elder (1630–1702), a distinguished
Naturalist,
Philologist, and
Doctor of Medicine (he had discovered the lymphatic system), and founder of Sweden's first botanic garden, now the
Linnaean Garden at Uppsala. In 1730 Linnaeus had been invited into the home of the younger Rudbeck (now almost 70) as tutor his youngest children. Rudbeck had then recommended Linnaeus to replace him as a lecturer at the university and as the botanical garden demonstrator, even though Linnaeus was only in his second year of studies.[7] In his book The Compleat Naturalist: A Life of Linnaeus, Wilfred Blunt quotes Linnaeus's dedication:
So long as the earth shall survive and as each spring shall see it covered with flowers, the Rudbeckia will preserve your glorious name. I have chosen a noble plant in order to recall your merits and the services you have rendered, a tall one to give an idea of your stature, and I wanted it to be one which branched and which flowered and fruited freely, to show that you cultivated not only the sciences but also the humanities. Its rayed flowers will bear witness that you shone among savants like the sun among the stars; its perennial roots will remind us that each year sees you live again through new works. Pride of our gardens, the Rudbeckia will be cultivated throughout Europe and in distant lands where your revered name must long have been known. Accept this plant, not for what it is but for what it will become when it bears your name.[8]
Many species are used in
prairie restorations, for ornamental use, and by livestock for forage. An abundance of these plants on a rangeland indicates good health. They are deer and rabbit resistant.[12]
Urbatsch, Lowell E.; Baldwin, Bruce G.; Donoghue, Michael J. (July 2000). "Phylogeny of the Coneflowers and Relatives (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) Based on Nuclear rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Sequences and Chlorplast DNA Restriction Site Data". Systematic Botany. 25 (3): 539.
doi:
10.2307/2666695.
JSTOR2666695.
S2CID28581817.