Richard Walter Wrangham (born 1948) is an
Englishanthropologist and
primatologist; he is Professor of Biological Anthropology at Harvard University. His research and writing have involved ape behavior, human evolution, violence, and cooking.
He is co-director of the Kibale Chimpanzee Project, the long-term study of the Kanyawara chimpanzees in
Kibale National Park, Uganda.[3] His research culminates in the study of
human evolution in which he draws conclusions based on the behavioural ecology of apes. As a graduate student, Wrangham studied under
Robert Hinde and
Jane Goodall.[4]
Wrangham has been instrumental in identifying behaviors considered "human-specific" in chimpanzees, including culture[6] and with
Eloy Rodriguez, chimpanzee
self-medication.[4][7]
Among the recent courses he teaches in the Human Evolutionary Biology (HEB) concentration at Harvard are HEB 1330 Primate Social Behaviour and HEB 1565 Theories of Sexual Coercion (co-taught with Professor Diane Rosenfeld from Harvard Law School). In March 2008, he was appointed House Master of
Currier House at
Harvard College.[8] He received an honorary degree in Doctor of Science from
Oglethorpe University in 2011.[9]
Wrangham's focused recently on the role cooking has played in human evolution. In Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human, he argued that cooking food is obligatory for humans as a result of biological adaptations and that cooking, in particular the consumption of cooked
tubers, might explain the increase in hominid brain sizes, smaller teeth and jaws, and decrease in
sexual dimorphism that occurred roughly 1.8 million years ago.[11][12][13] Some anthropologists disagree with Wrangham's ideas, arguing that no solid evidence has been found to support Wrangham's claims, though Wrangham and colleagues, among others, have demonstrated in the laboratory the effects of cooking on energetic availability: cooking denatures proteins, gelatinizes starches, and helps kill pathogens.[14][15][11] The mainstream explanation is that human ancestors, prior to the advent of cooking, turned to eating meats, which then caused the evolutionary shift to smaller guts and larger brains.[16]
In his 2019 book, The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution, Wrangham argues that humans have "domesticated" themselves by a process of self-selection, as opposed to our selective breeding of dogs, livestock, or (more recently) foxes by Dmitry Belyayev and others. Wrangham distinguishes between "reactive aggression", when individuals lash out or react to a provocation, and "proactive aggression", which is planned, premeditated, and involves deliberate risk-avoidant tactical strikes, including war and capital punishment. He claims that humans are paradoxically extraordinarily low in "reactive" aggression but very high in and highly skilled at "proactive" aggression, and he argues that the threat of proactive aggression by males has played a crucial role in human psychology, patriarchy, so-called "morality" and history.
Personal life
Wrangham married Dr. Elizabeth Ross in 1980 and has three adult sons.[17] His work of studying the essential violence of chimpanzees, caused Wrangham to not eat meat for 40 years.[18]
Wrangham, R (1980). "An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups". Behaviour. 75 (3–4): 262–300.
doi:
10.1163/156853980x00447.
Wrangham, R.;
Smuts, B. B (1980). "Sex differences in the behavioural ecology of chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 28 Suppl: 13–31.
PMID6934308.
Wrangham, R.; Conklin, N. L.; Chapman, C. A.; Hunt, K. D. (1991). "The significance of fibrous foods for Kibale Forest chimpanzees". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 334 (1270): 171–178.
doi:
10.1098/rstb.1991.0106.
PMID1685575.
Wrangham, R (1999). "Is military incompetence adaptive?". Evolution and Human Behavior. 20 (1): 3–17.
doi:
10.1016/s1090-5138(98)00040-3.
Wrangham, R.; Jones, J. H.; Laden, G.; Pilbeam, D.; Conklin-Brittain, N. L. (1999). "The raw and the stolen: Cooking and the ecology of human origins". Current Anthropology. 40 (5): 567–594.
doi:
10.1086/300083.
PMID10539941.
S2CID82271116.
Eds. Muller, M. & Wrangham, R. (2009). 'Sexual Coercion in Primates and Humans'.
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.