Ramón Altarriba y Villanueva, 1st Count of Altarriba, 24th Baron of Sangarrén (1841–1906), was a Spanish
Carlist politician, landowner, publisher, and soldier. During the
Third Carlist War he commanded
battalion-size legitimist units. He represented the party in the
lower chamber of the Cortes during 2 terms of 1879-1881 and 1886-1890. In the 1890s and early 1900s he served as the party leader in the region of
Old Castile, though as one of the largest landholders in
Gipuzkoa he exerted also enormous influence in the province.
Family and youth
Ramón Altarriba y Villanueva was born into a distinguished aristocratic
Aragonese family of Altarriba. Possibly from the old distinguished Catalan noble family of
Altarriba in
Catalonia, part of the
Crown of Aragon at the time, it held
baronia de Sangarrén since the 14th century[1] and
condado de Robres since the 18th century;[2] its representatives were many times noted in the history of Aragón and
Zaragoza.[3] His paternal grandmother, María Bernarda Colón Serra,[4] was a descendant of
Christopher Columbus.[5] Ramón's father,
José de Altarriba y Colón de Larreátegui (1804-1870), 11th
conde de Robres[6] and 22nd
barón de Sangarrén, was a Carlist highly esteemed by
Carlos VI; no details of his involvement in the movement are available.[7] Ramón's mother, also from Aragón, María Pilar Villanueva y Altarriba (1820-1895), was daughter of
conde de Atarés and second cousin of his father José.[8]
None of the sources consulted clarifies why the family lived in the French
Bayonne, a usual location for Carlist exiles and refugees fleeing Spain in the aftermath of defeat suffered during the
First Carlist War. Ramón was one of 8 siblings and the second oldest son.[9] His older brother,
José María, upon return to Aragón followed the family path and also engaged in Carlist activities,[10] which did not prevent him from becoming
comisario regio for Zaragoza in 1869;[11] he inherited all family titles in 1870. Ramón as a youngster moved from France to Spain and entered
Real Seminario Científico Industrial,[12] a state-ran and highly esteemed[13]Gipuzkoan educational establishment in
Bergara.[14] He is reported as enrolled in 1854, though it is not clear when he completed the curriculum; the standard cycle lasted 5 years.[15]
Ramón Altarriba y Villanueva married Rosa Guerra y Serbi; nothing is known of this marriage, apart that his wife died in 1875 and the couple had no issue.[16] He then espoused María de la Blanca Porcel y Guirior (1859-1940),[17] heir to aristocratic family originating from Gipuzkoa and
Andalusia. Since her father[18] died in 1873[19] with no male descendants, having been the oldest daughter she arranged to inherit his titles as 7th
marquesa de Villa Alegre and
San Millán; Altarriba became marqués consorte.[20] The couple had two sons,
Ramón and
Jaime Altarriba y Porcel.[21] Nothing is known about the former; the latter (1884–1936)[22] joined artillery and pursued a military career.[23] He became comandante de Artilleria, maestrante de la
Real Maestranza de la Caballeria de Zaragoza[24] and an entrepreneur.[25] Also an active Carlist, in 1934 he headed finance section of
Comunión Tradicionalista.[26] The
1936 coup surprised him in the Gipuzkoan spa of
Zestoa, where he was detained by the republican militia and died.[27]
War and war
Upon the outbreak of
Primera Guerra de Marruecos in 1859 the young Altarriba volunteered to the army; accepted, he was assigned to the Aragon infantry unit of
Regimento de Zamora and landed in
Ceuta in December 1859.[28] Details of his service are unclear, though he certainly entered many combat actions against the Moroccan troops. Serving under the command of
Antonio Ros de Olano[29] in January 1860 he might have taken part in the
battle of Castillejos; bypassing Monte Negrón in a dare Spanish maneuver,[30] he then participated in the
battle of Cabo Negro.[31] For meritorious service Altarriba was awarded
Cruz de San Fernando[32] and got promoted to
teniente.[33] Late 1860 the unit returned to the Zaragoza barracks.[34] Apparently enjoying adventurous life and vivacious company, he demonstrated some gift for rhyming couplets;[35] at that time he befriended
Nicolas Estevanez Murphy.[36] During the next few years Altarriba continued his military career, though no details are known.
Following the
Revolution of 1868 Altarriba requested and was granted release from military service,[37] though he returned to the army in 1871.[38] Once the
Republic was declared he approached the conspiring Carlists[39] and at the outbreak of the
Third Carlist War he was already incorporated in their army.[40] He was assigned to the Northern Front and took command of an insurgent volunteer
Biscay battalion, which conquered and cleared the
Durango district in 1873.[41] Promoted to
coronel, he then commanded primera brigada de Vizcaya and joined the siege of
Bilbao in early 1874; he led the unit routing the Republican forces during the
battle of Somorrostro[42] and advancing later to
Portugalete,[43] where Altarriba was given the privilege of accepting surrender of the famous
battalón de Segorbe.[44] Participated in a number of skirmishes at the outskirts of Bilbao, assaulting the forts of Delmas and Volantín.[45] Nominated Comandante General del Alto Aragón, Altarriba was the organizer, sponsor and commander of
Battalón de Almogávares de la Virgen del Pilar,[46] leading it early 1875 during the defense of the so-called
línea de Carrascal[47] and in the
Navarrese battles of
Lumbier and
Etxauri.[48] In final phase of the war and in unclear circumstances there was an investigative proceeding launched against Altarriba; eventually cleared of all charges, he was promoted to
brigadier.[49] Located in mid-range command chain, he did not make it amongst top Carlist commanders and did not supervise operations above the tactical level. Nominated adjutant to
Carlos VII,[50] in reward for his service Altarriba was conceded the title of
conde de Altarriba.[51]
Early Restauración
A widower with no close family, it is not clear where Altarriba settled after the war; in 1877 he was linked to the
Catalan town of
Aviá.[52] In 1878 he was already married[53] and assumed administration of his wife's property in Gipuzkoa. The estates slightly exceeding 1,000 ha[54] rendered the couple the 4th largest
terratenientes in the province[55] and one of the richest people in Gipuzkoa.[56] His wife held land also in
Álava and Andalusia;[57] for some time Altarriba managed the
Pinos Puente estate in
Granada, which she possessed jointly with her two unmarried sisters, though with a rather mediocre result.[58] In 1878 José María Altarriba, unmarried and with no issue,[59] renounced baronia[60] in favor of his younger brother, making Ramón the 24th barón de Sangarrén.[61]
Altarriba seemed pessimistic as to the future of Carlism,[62] considered orphaned, with no political direction[63] and managed by ineffective Junta Militar.[64] In 1878 he wrote to Carlos VII urging him to appoint a strong political leader.[65] As in early 1879 the military rule was terminated and civic rights restored in Gipuzkoa,[66] Altarriba – already admitted to a meeting of leading Carlists – spoke in favor of taking part in the
elections.[67] The claimant allowed only individual unofficial contenders and authorized Sangarrén.[68] Fielding his candidature in the
Azpeitia district,[69] Altarriba was considered one of the 4 "transigentes" running;[70] he emerged as the only one victorious.[71] Elected,[72] he settled permanently in
Madrid.[73] He attempted
re-election in 1881[74] but lost both in
Tolosa and Azpeitia.[75]
The 1880s are marked by growing rivalry within Carlism, divided between the immovilistas and the aperturistas. The former, led by
Candido Nocedal, opted for intransigence. The latter, Altarriba included, dismissed either war[76] or total abstention, preferring conditional alignment with the new political system. The dispute grew into a full-scale conflict, waged also by means of guerra periodistica;[77] to fight the Nocedalista titles,[78] Sangarrén founded a Madrid satirical weekly, El Cabecilla.[79] During the
1884 election campaign Altarriba sought Carlos VII's exemption from "despotism" of Nocedal, who ordered abstention, but this time the claimant did not agree[80] and Sangarrén loyally[81] withdrew from the race 3 weeks prior to election date.[82] Two years later, already a recognized Carlist leader,[83] he obtained the permission[84] and was
re-elected from Azpeitia.[85] Focused on by the press as a single Carlist in the
Cortes,[86] when sworn Altarriba declared in the house that he considered Carlos VII the king of Spain.[87]
As the Nocedalista crisis entered its terminal phase, in 1887 Altarriba engaged in a related conflict with
Francisco Cavero y Alvarez de Toledo, the jefe of Aragón,[88] with Carlos VII intervening and ordering truce;[89] some authors claim that Cavero was dismissed.[90] Though assaulted by the Nocedalista press for his defense of
Manifesto de Morentin,[91] in the unfolding press war Altarriba defended the vacillating La Fe and did not side unconditionally with the claimant; Carlos VII's entourage counted him among "malos Carlistas".[92] Somewhat accidentally triggering the final breakup in
Vascongadas,[93] at the decisive moment he stayed loyal to his king.
Personal political climax
Following secession of the
Integristas Altarriba, the only party MP and one of its few aristocrats, found himself in the top strata of Carlism and became one if its most distinguished politicians.[94] His relations with other party leaders were uneasy, even after the departure of the allegedly hated Nocedal. The undisputed
Traditionalist leader in Vascongadas[95]marqués de Valde-Espina,[96] the claimant's personal secretary
conde de Melgar[97] and the aspiring political leader,
marqués de Cerralbo[98] found it difficult to work with Sangarrén and did not spare him harsh words; in the intrigue-ridden world of Carlism of the late 19th century he was accused of envy towards legitimate party leaders[99] and turning Gipuzkoa into his personal fiefdom.[100] When in late 1888 he was appointed vice-president of the newly established Junta Directiva del Circulo Tradicionalista de Madrid,[101] he refused the post claiming – probably sarcastically – that he did not merit such an honor.[102]
In 1889 Carlos VII started to build formal nationwide party structures, initially disguised as an organization to stage celebrations of
Conversión de Recaredo centenary; within its Junta Central, soon turned into a permanent collegial executive,[103] Sangarrén was nominated to represent
Castilla la Vieja.[104] Like 10 years earlier, he called for a new jefe which would impose the party discipline, though it is not clear whether he himself hoped for the job.[105] In the fall of that year, the liberal press speculated about a directorate leading the movement and mentioned him as one of its 4 members.[106] Altarriba's position was confirmed when he was invited to
Frohsdorf for the wedding of
Carlos VII's daughter.[107] Though in early 1890 El Cabecilla mocked marqués de Cerralbo,[108] when later that year the latter was finally appointed the new Jefe Delegado Sangarrén rushed with congratulations, directed to "mi querido amigo".[109]
Ahead of the
1891 elections for the first time during Restoration the Carlists decided to take part officially and set up a co-ordinating committee. Details of its work are not known; the outcome was that in Azpeitia, which turned into a prestigious battlefield against the rebellious
Ramón Nocedal, Sangarrén had to give way to the aspiring Gipuzkoan leader,
Tírso de Olazábal. Himself he ran in two districts,
Aranda de Duero (
Burgos) and
Santo Domingo de la Calzada (
Logroño),[110] losing in both.[111] Following this defeat, he did not renew his electoral bid in any of the successive electoral campaigns.[112]
Mid-Restauración
Having lost the parliamentary ticket Sangarrén could dedicate more time to his private business, geographically scattered from Vascongadas across
Castille and on to Andalusia. Apart from managing family estates in Gipuzkoa, he invested in the mining and metalworking industry.[113] He co-owned exploration rights to a copper mine in the
Sierra de Guadarrama location of
Colmenarejo, North of Madrid.[114] In 1893 he took control over the "La Fe" mineral springs in the nearby
Moralzarzal,[115] renaming the site "
Mudarra" and exploiting it until 1900, when he renounced the concession.[116] He held stakes in paper mill business in Pyrenaic parts of the
Lérida province[117] and was vice-president of Derecha del Rio Genil, a Granada-based company engaged in irrigation works.[118]
As the Carlist
fuerista principles envisaged that a politician should only represent the region where he lives,[119] within the party command structures Altarriba formally headed Castilla la Vieja.[120] Though due to his terrateniente status he exercised the largest influence in Gipuzkoa,[121] Vascongadas was first headed by Valde-Espina, then by Salvador Elío y Ezpeleta[122] and later by
Tirso de Olazábal.[123] Altarriba's contribution to Gipuzkoan Carlism, however, remained crucial; local landowners were key to mobilising rural support[124] and maintaining – if not straightforwardly financing – provincial party structures.[125] Partially as a result of his contribution, in the 1880s and 1890s Gipuzkoa emerged as a Carlist stronghold; in provincial[126] and general[127] elections the party was striving for dominance.
In the early 1890s fellow Traditionalists approached Altarriba cautiously as one of "fractious Carlists".[128] Some sources report him as championing a militant "de armas tomar" group, consisting mostly of the Navarros and the Gipuzkoanos.[129] Other episodes seem to counter this thesis indicating that he worked closely with the non-belligerent de Cerralbo,[130] together travelling across Spain during innovative political tours and delivering harangues,[131] also jointly with Carlist pundits like
Vazquez de Mella;[132] residing in Madrid he customarily appeared in events staged in the capital.[133] As the
colonial crisis of 1897 unfolded, he initially seemed leaning towards a bold action; he welcomed general
Weyler, dismissed from
Cuba, amongst the crowd shouting "Viva Cuba Española", but also a somewhat more ambiguous "a caballo mi general".[134] However, during the
Spanish–American War Sangarrén was busy denouncing widely circulating rumors about another Carlist insurgency forthcoming as "a fable",[135] though it is not clear whether it was a pre-agreed propaganda smokescreen or a genuine effort. During
La Octubrada, the series of minor Carlist revolts of October 1900,[136] he was in
Paris,[137] which did not spare him detention by
Guardia Civil the following month in Bilbao.[138] Also during persistent rumors of mid-1902[139] Altarriba spoke publicly against a Carlist military action.[140] The press reported him as an agreed Carlist candidate in the
1903 elections,[141] but he was not mentioned as running later on. None of the sources consulted mentions him politically active after that date; obituaries claimed he had been suffering from an unidentified longtime "enfermedad crónica";[142] his funeral was attended by the then Carlist political leader,
Matías Barrio y Mier.[143]
^Porfirio Sanz Camañes, Del Reino a la Corte. Oligarquías y élites de poder en las Cortes de Aragón a mediados del siglo XVII, [in:] Revista de Historia Moderna. Anales de la Universidad de Alicante 19 (2001), pp. 39, 43, 83, also Sangarrén, baronia de entry [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa online, available
here
^Robres, Conde de entry at compactgen service, available
here
^Santiago Broto Aparicio, Nobleza altoaragonesa: Condes de Robres, [in:] Diario del Alto Aragón online, available
hereArchived 2014-03-26 at the
Wayback Machine
^she married Ramón’s paternal grandfather, José Jacobo Altarriba y Calasanz; José Ramón Urquijo Goitia, María Jesús Álvarez-Coca Gonzálvez, José Joaquín Colón y la rehabilitación de la monarquía absoluta, [in:] Revista de Historia Jerónimo Zurita 87 (2012), p. 176
^Urquijo, Álvarez-Coca 2012, pp. 172-173; for detailed genealogical tree see genealogiacolombiana service available
here and look for the "José Altarriba y Calasanz" box
^Francisco de Paula, Album de Personajes Carlistas con sus Biografias, volume II, Barcelona 1888, p. 171, Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis], Madrid 2012, p. 180
^see geneallnet service available
here, entry nr 67
^e.g. he was the co-founder, together with conde de Fuentes, Bienvenido Comín y Sarté and José Puente y Villabueva, of the Carlist La Esperanza daily, Julio V. Brioso y Mairal, Noticias carlistas en "El Diario de Huesca", [in:] Fernando Alvira Banzo (ed.), El Diario de Huesca. 125 años después, Huesca 2000,
ISBN8481271101, pp. 74-75
^and a Carlist candidate to the Cortes from Sariñena in 1871, Brioso 2000, p. 74
^María Cinta Caballer Vivies, Los alumnos de la Escuela Especial de Matemáticas del Real Seminario Científico Industrial de Vergara, [in:] Revista de la Sociedad Española de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Técnicas 32 (2009), p. 260
^only 22% of the alumni were from Vascongadas; 55% originated from the rest of Spain and 23% from abroad, including America, Caballer 2009, p. 282
^Caballer 2009, p. 228; it is not clear what development path Ramón’s parents envisaged; the school, apart from training commercial merchants, was a stepping stone towards military career (usually in artillery) or provided general training enabling its student to run family estates, Caballer 2009, p. 260
^see Altarriba and conde de Altarriba entries at compactgen service, available
here
^see Villa Alegre entry at compactgen service, available
here; some sources spell her family name as "Guirioz", see Luisa Utanda Moreno, Francesco Feo Parrondo, Propiedad rustica en Guipuzcoa segun el registro de la propiedad expropiable (1933), [in:] Lurralde. Investigación y espacio 18 (1995), pp. 113-135, available
here, or „Guerior", see Miguel Caballero Pérez, Pilar Góngora Ayala, Historia de una familia: la verdad sobre el asesinato de García Lorca, Madrid 2007,
ISBN8495803593, 9788495803597, p. 149
^Luciano Porcel Valdivia, marqués de Villa Alegra y de San Millán, native of Beasáin, represented Gipuzkoa in the Senate in 1871, Caballero 2007, p. 149
^their descandants were not entitled to the honor, Villa Alegre entry at compactgen
^see Ramón de Altarriba y Villanueva entry at geneallnet service, available
here
^see Jaime Altarriba y Porcel entry at compactgen service, available
here; at his baptism the padrinos were the future Carlist king Don Jaime and his sister doña Blanca, see La Unión 07.05.84, available
here
^he followed in the foosteps of his father, see de Paula 1888, p. 173; see also Real Maestranza de Caballeria de Zaragoza website available
here
^see Askar, [in:] Zumaiako Industria-ondarearen Informazio Zentroa web bulletin 2012, available
here
^Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 2008,
ISBN9780521207294, 9780521086349, p. 207
^according to a Basque source he died due to tuberculosis, see Askar; a different version presented in the Carlist publication, Félix G. Olmedo, En España empieza a amanecer: a la memoria de Jaime Altarriba Porcel, s/l 1936. In the same Zestoa spa the Republicans detained also a Carlist activist and a former MP,
Joaquín Beunza, who was later taken to San Sebastián and executed, see Joaquín Beunza Redin entry [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia, available
here
^Nicolas Estevanez, Mis memorias, Madrid 1975,
ISBN8472730883, pp. 49
^compare "Y cuaitdo al castillo vuelven / mis caballos arrogantes, / les doy a comer diamantes / en morrales de tisú", or "Queridisimo rechoncho, / debes pedir una plancha / para quitar esa mancha / que te ha caído en el poncho", quoted after Estevanez 1975, p. 70.
^Ampelio Alonso de Cadenas y Lopez (ed.), Suplemento al Elenco de grandezas y títulos nobiliarios españoles: Títulos vacantes y títulos extranjeros cuyo uso fue autorizado en España. Appendice II, Madrid 1991,
ISBN8487204295, 9788487204296, p. 11
^ABC 01.04.06, available
here, de Paula 1888, p. 174
^Cadenas 1991, p. 11. Unlike many other aristocratic titles awarded by Carlist claimants, often recognised by Franco in the 1950s and functional until today, condado de Altarriba has never been confirmed. It is not clear whether any of Altarriba’s descendants claims the title currently
^at that time he was already reported by the press as marqués de Villalegre, see La Unión 12.09.78, available
here
^the estate did not make an impressive figure by national Spanish standards; as late as in 1919 duque de Peñaranda possessed 51,000 ha, Antonio Manuel Moral Roncal, Aristocracia y poder económico en la España del siglo XX, [in:] Vegueta 7 (2003), p. 157; in the sole Cordoba district there were around 30 landholders with estates exceeding 1,000 ha, see
here, p. 80-81 [surface area is listed in fanegas (fgs), a fanega differed from province to province, though one scholar suggests an average of 1 fg = 1,044 ha for the nearby Almeria province, see
here, p. 88]
^most of the holdings, some 400 ha, was in the district of Azpeitia, see Moreno, Parrondo 1995
^Javier Real Cuesta, El Carlismo Vasco 1876-1900, Madrid 1985,
ISBN978-84-323-0510-8, p. 28
^Brioso 2000, p. 74, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 98
^see La Unión 12.09.78, available
here, La Epoca 19.11.78, available
here
^he deemed it necessary that "se modifique la tactica de hacerle hacer el muerto [al partido], porque el simil y la realidad solo se separan ya en esto por un atomo impalable", quoted after Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 1-2
^Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 59, Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 15, 41
^most of Altarriba’s estates were in Azpeitia district
^some Carlists, firmly opposed to new laws scrapping most of the fuerista establishments and called "intransigentes", ran on the Union Vasconavarra platform, though with no success
^the defeated ones were Olano Altuna, Pedro de Egańa (Gipuzkoa) and Domingo Martinez de Aragón (Alava), Real Cuesta 1985, p. 42. Altarriba became the only Carlist deputy in the chamber and the first Carlist MP of the
Restoration era.
^initially he was listed as living at calle San Leonardo (university quarter), see Anuario del Comercio 1881, p. 425, available
here, than at calle Alarcon (Jeronimos quarter), see Anuario del Comercio 1894, p. 563, available
here, and finally at Pza Independencia, see Anuario del Comercio 1905, p. 68, available
here
^issuing a manifesto mocked by the liberal press as "mas expresivo y pintoresco en su clase", Altarriba himself dubbed as "Don Quijote" see El Globo 09.08.81, available
here, full text in La Iberia 06.08.81, available
here; according to one source this manifesto caused official investigation and Altarriba narrowly avoided trial, de Paula 1888, p. 174
^La Discussion 22.08.81, available
here, also El Globo 22.08.81, available
here
^despite crushing defeat in 1876, in the 1880s the Carlists still maintained some military potential; it was estimated that within 3 days they were able to mobilise 4,000–6,000 people, and skeleton battalion structures were still maintained with commanders, officers and NCOs appointed, Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 83–84
^Real Cuesta 1985, p. 24, see El Cabecilla 09.03.84, available
here
^principally El Siglo Futuro, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 28
^issued in 1882-1890 and directed by Gonzalez Granada, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 98
^Revista Contemporanea 3–4 1884, p. 360, available
here
^in 1886 Altarriba confessed that he accepted the tyranny of Candido Nocedal only because the latter was appointed by the king, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 81
^as usual he intended to run in Azpeitia, see El Liberal 09.03.84, available
here
^in 1886 he took part in unveiling of the Cegama monument to Zumalacarregui, financed mostly by public subscription, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 94
^de Paula 1888, pp. 174-177; though fiercely anti-democratic, Altarriba was member of a parliamentary anti-slavery group, see La Ilustriación Católica 25.04.89, available
here
^Cavery tried to rebuke Donostia gatherings organized by Altarriba, see La Ilustración Española y Americana 08.09.1887, available
here, and disenfranchised Círculo Aragonés, inspired by Sangarrén and considered his frondist outpost in Aragon
^the claimant called Cavero to his Venice residence and ordered end of public polemics, though Cavero kept rising in the Carlist structures later on, see Ignacio Martínez de Pisón, Carreteras secundarias, Zaragoza 2012,
ISBN8415538685, 9788415538684, p. IX, also Cavero y Álvarez de Toledo, Francisco entry [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa online, available
here
^and present the Altarriba – Cavero conflict in a slightly different way, see Jordi Canal i Morell, Carlins i integristes a la Restaurado: Tescissió de 1888, [in:] Revista de Girona 147 (1991), p. 63
^during one of his Cortes addresses Altarriba compared some governmental measures to "la Inquisición con todos sus tormentos". The pro-Integrist Biscay periodical El Vasco jumped on this phrase, denouncing Altarriba as anti-Catholic and anti-Traditionalist. The Vascongadas Carlist leader, marqués de Valde-Espina, ordered El Vasco to backtrack, but the Biscay provinvial jefe, José de Accilona, took an independent stand, which resulted in provincial schism taking place in 1887, followed by the Gipuzkoan one in 1888, Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 93–97
^Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 118, 180, also El Siglo Futuro 19.12.88, available
here
^Vascongadas were represented by Valde-Espina, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 146, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 134
^Agustín Fernández Escudero, El XVII Marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922). Iglesia y carlismo, distintas formas de ver el XIII Centenario de la Unidad Católica, [in:] Studium: Revista de humanidades 18 (2012) [referred to further on as "Fernández Escudero 2012 (2)"], p. 131, Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 145–46
^For Logroño see La Unión Católica 02.02.91, available
here, for Aranda see El Imparcial 03.02.91, available
here
^Altarriba is not listed among candidates running after 1891 either by historical studies or by contemporary press, though no source consulted explicitly states that Sangarrén did not run after that date
^Ideas y negocios. Carlistas en Moralzarzal, [in:] Historias de Moral (y Zarzal) 01.05.12, available
here
^the pit was named "Pilar" after his wife, Ideas y negocios 2012
^the previous owner was also a Carlist, Ramón Manrique de Lara, Ideas y negocios 2012
^Altarriba's prestigious standing in the province was reflected in his role in a number of initiatives, like opening of the Zumarraga-Zumaya railway line, known as "ferrocaril del Urola", see
spanishrailway.com site
^for a sample how Sangarrén instructed "his" renters to vote see Real Cuesta 1985, p. 251
^though according to the fuerista outlook electoral work was to be entrusted to locals, in fact there were many exceptions, with some juntas were simply appointing nominees for different roles, triggering complaints; also Sangerrén used to complain to Valde-Espina, though in general Gipuzkoa adhered to the fuersita principles much closer than the neighboring Biscay, see Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 242–43
^the number of Traditionalist (mainstream Carlism and Integrism combined) v. Liberal members elected to Diputación Provincial was: 1882 8:8; 1884 10:6; 1886 11:5; 1888 9:11; 1890 9:11; 1892 11:9; 1894 11:9; 1898 9:11, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 167
^the number of Traditionalist (mainstream Carlism and Integrism combined) v. Liberal members elected to the Cortes from Gipzukoa was: 1891 2:3; 1895 3:2; 1896 3:2; 1899 3:2, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 168
^"Carlistas discolos", Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 230
^Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 223, Jordi Canal i Morell, Banderas blancas, boinas rojas: una historia política del carlismo, 1876–1939, Madrid 2006,
ISBN8496467341, 978849646734 , pp. 151-156
^like it was the case in 1893, see Cristobal Robles Muñoz, La Santa Sede y la oposición carlista a la restauración durante los episcopados de José Oliver y Antonio Ruiz-Cabal (1875-1899), [in:] Principe de Viana 49 (1988), p. 421
^e.g. during the first Fiesta de los Mártires de la Tradición, see Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 293 or during other events, see Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 313
^Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 387. The government was alarmed by Guardia Civil discovering large Carlist depots of rifles and by increased traffic of Carlist envoys to Carlos VII’s residence in Venice, reported by the Spanish diplomatic service, see Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 387
^on 28-30 of October 1900 a series of minor and very minor Carlist attempts to seize power locally was recorded in Badalona, Casteldefells, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Igualada, Sardañola, Alcoy, Berga, Calella, Mantesa and Moncada, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 387
^present day scholar interprets the presence of Carlist leaders in Paris as a demonstration, aimed at the Madrid government and intending to prove that they were not involved in any conspiration, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 389
^Ideas y negocios 2012, also El Dia 09.11.00, available
here
^contemporary scholar suggests they were caused by speculators willing to affect the Madrid stock-exchange quotations, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 409
^Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 411; though some newspapers were hysterical about another Carlist war behind the corner, the other titles considered Carlism already "a cadaver", see La Epoca 20.06.02, available
here
^La Correspondencia militar 30.01.03, available
here
Jordi Canal i Morell, Carlins i integristes a la Restauració: l’escissió de 1888, [in:] Revista de Girona 147 (1991), pp. 59–68
Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis], Madrid 2012
Francisco de Paula, Album de Personajes Carlistas con sus Biografias, volume II, Barcelona 1888
Javier Real Cuesta, El Carlismo Vasco 1876–1900, Madrid 1985,
ISBN8432305103, 978843230510
Luisa Utanda Moreno, Francesco Feo Parrondo, Propiedad rustica en Guipuzcoa segun el registro de la propiedad expropiable (1933), [in:] Lurralde. Investigación y espacio 18 (1995), pp. 113–135