You can help expand this article with text translated from
the corresponding article in Spanish. (December 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like
DeepL or
Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 5,024 articles in the
main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide
copyright attribution in the
edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an
interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Seudohermafroditismo]]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|es|Seudohermafroditismo}} to the
talk page.
Pseudohermaphroditism is an outdated[1] term for when an individuals gonads was mismatched with their internal reproductive system and/or external genitalia. The term was contrasted with
"true hermaphroditism" (now known as
ovotesticular syndrome), a condition describing an individual with both female and male reproductive gonadal tissues. Associated conditions includes
Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome and forms of
androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Mechanism
Sex is determined by chromosomes during fertilization. In the early stages of human development, a human embryo has the
precursors of female (paramesonephric or Müllerian ducts) and male (mesonephric ducts or Wolffian) gonads.[2] If a
Y chromosome is lacking, or defective as seen in
Swyer syndrome, the embryo will reabsorb the mesonephric ducts and proceed with paramesonephric ducts, which give rise to ovaries. The Y chromosome contains a sex-determining region called the SRY gene. Thus, the developmental plan of the embryo is altered only if this gene is present and functional.[3]
Mutations affecting the androgen receptor (AR) gene may cause either complete or partial
androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Androgens are a group of hormones which regulate the development and maintenance of male characteristics. Between 8 and 12 weeks, human male fetuses become externally distinct as androgens enlarge the phallus and produce a penis with a urethra and
scrotum.[4]
Female pseudohermaphroditism refers to an individual with ovaries and external genitalia resembling those of a male. Male pseudohermaphroditism refers to an individual with testicles and external genitalia resembling those of a female.[5][6] In some cases, external
sex organs associated with pseudohermaphroditism appear intermediate between a typical
clitoris and
penis. Thus, pseudohermaphroditism is sometimes not identified until
puberty or adulthood.
Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome was considered a form of pseudohermaphroditism, developed through Müllerian-inhibiting factor defects. In such instances, duct derivatives are present in males, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper vagina.[7]
Surgery is sometimes performed to alter the appearance of the genitals. Sex-specific cancers present on the gonads may require surgical removal.[8][9][10][11]
John Money is perhaps the best-known early researcher in this area. His
doctoralthesis was titled Hermaphroditism: An Inquiry into the Nature of a Human Paradox, and awarded by
Harvard University in 1952.[12]
The term "Pseudohermaphroditimus" (pseudohermaphroditism) was coined in German by
Edwin Klebs in 1876.[16][17] Klebs had included the term as a synonym for the earlier coined, "spurious hermaphroditism" (which he referred to as Schein-Zwitter in German).[17] "Spurious hermaphroditism" was coined in 1836 by J. Y. Simpson.[18]
Although "pseudohermaphroditism" persisted in the International Classification of Diseases, Versions 9 (ICD-9) and 10 (ICD-10) as 752.7 (Indeterminate sex and pseudohermaphroditism)[19] and Q56 (Interdeterminate sex and pseudohermaphroditism),[20] it has since been removed in the eleventh version (ICD-11), in favor of LD2A.Y (Other specified malformative disorders of sex development).[21]
Some experts have indicated that both pseudohermaphroditism (also called false hermaphroditism) and true hermaphroditism are outdated,[22][23][24][25][26][27] confusing,[24][28] and potentially pejorative terms,[24][27][28][29][30] indicating replacement with "disorders of sex development", "disorders of sexual development", "differences of sex development" (all abbreviated as DSD)[22][24][27] or "
intersex".[23][30]
Additionally,
intersex activists have noted that: "The qualifiers 'pseudo' and 'true' are even more harmful [than hermaphrodite on its own], because they imply a sort of authenticity, or lack of same, that carry powerful emotional baggage".[31]Dreger et al had also noted that "division of many intersex types into true hermaphroditism, male pseudohermaphroditism, and female pseudohermaphroditism is scientifically specious and clinically problematic".[32]
^Quattrin T, Aronica S, Mazur T (December 1990). "Management of male pseudohermaphroditism: a case report spanning twenty-one years". Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 15 (6): 699–709.
doi:
10.1093/jpepsy/15.6.699.
PMID2283575.
^Zucker KJ (1999). "Intersexuality and gender identity differentiation". Annual Review of Sex Research. 10: 1–69.
doi:
10.1080/10532528.1999.10559774 (inactive 31 January 2024).
PMID10895247.{{
cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (
link)
^
abKlebs, T. A. E. (1876). Handbuch der pathologischen Anatomie [Handbook of pathological anatomy]. Berlin: A. Hirschwald, p. 723.
[1]
^Simpson, J. Y. (1836). "Hermaphroditism" in The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology. Vol. 2. p. 685.
[2]
^Amato V (2016). Intersex Narratives: Shifts in the Representation of Intersex Lives in North American Literature and Popular Culture. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag.
ISBN978-3-8394-3419-2.
^
abcHughes IA (February 2008). "Disorders of sex development: a new definition and classification". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 22 (1): 119–134.
doi:
10.1016/j.beem.2007.11.001.
PMID18279784.
^
abHouk CP, Hughes IA, Ahmed SF, Lee PA (August 2006). "Summary of consensus statement on intersex disorders and their management. International Intersex Consensus Conference". Pediatrics. 118 (2): 753–757.
doi:
10.1542/peds.2006-0737.
PMID16882833.
S2CID46508895.