Protothecosis, otherwise known as
Algaemia, is a disease found in
dogs,
cats,
cattle, and humans caused by a type of
green alga known as Prototheca that lacks
chlorophyll and enters the human or animal bloodstream. It and its close relative Helicosporidium are unusual in that they are actually green algae that have become parasites.[1] The two most common species are Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii. Both are known to cause disease in dogs, while most human cases are caused by P. wickerhami.[2]Prototheca is found worldwide in
sewage and
soil. Infection is rare despite high exposure, and can be related to a defective
immune system.[3] In dogs, females and
Collies are most commonly affected.[4]
The first human case was identified in 1964 in
Sierra Leone.[5]
Cause
Prototheca has been thought to be a mutant of Chlorella, a type of single-celled green alga. However, while Chlorella contains
galactose and
galactosamine in the cell wall, Prototheca lacks these. Also, Chlorella obtains its energy through
photosynthesis, while Prototheca is
saprotrophic, feeding on dead and decaying organic matter. When Prototheca was first isolated from
slime flux of trees in 1894, it was thought to be a type of
fungus.[6] Its size varies from 2 to 15
micrometres.[7]
Disseminated protothecosis is most commonly seen in dogs. The algae enters the body through the mouth or nose and causes infection in the intestines. From there it can spread to the eye, brain, and kidneys. Symptoms can include
diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, inflammation of the eye (
uveitis),
retinal detachment,
ataxia, and
seizures.[11]
Dogs with acute blindness and diarrhea that develop
exudativeretinal detachment should be assessed for protothecosis.[6] Diagnosis is through
culture or finding the organism in a
biopsy,
cerebrospinal fluid,
vitreous humour, or urine. Treatment of the disseminated form in dogs is very difficult, although use of
antifungal medication has been successful in a few cases.[4]Prognosis for cutaneous protothecosis is guarded and depends on the surgical options. Prognosis for the disseminated form is grave. This may be due to delayed recognition and treatment.[3]