Red beech | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Sapindales |
Family: | Anacardiaceae |
Genus: | Protorhus |
Species: | P. longifolia
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Binomial name | |
Protorhus longifolia | |
Synonyms | |
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Protorhus longifolia, the red beech, is a medium to large, mostly dioecious species of tree in the family Anacardiaceae. It is native to South Africa and Eswatini, where it occurs in well-watered situations from coastal elevations to 1,250 m. [2] The leafy, evergreen trees have rounded crowns and usually grow between 6 and 10 m tall, but regularly taller in forest. [2]
In South Africa they occur from the Eastern Cape to Limpopo. [3] In Eswatini it is present in the western uplands, and in the Lebombo regions. [4] They occur in coastal, scarp and mistbelt forests, rock outcrops, escarpments, riparian fringes, or in woodland. [5]
The bole is up to 1 m in diameter in forest. The bark of a young tree is smooth and brown, but becomes darker and rough with age. [5] The branches have a rough texture and retain leaf scars. [2] They exude a sticky milky sap when broken. [5]
The trees often carry some strikingly yellow or red leaves, especially in winter [2] or on new growth. The simple leaves resemble Mango leaves, and have a scattered, alternate or subopposite arrangement. [5] They measure up to 15 by 3 cm, [2] and are paler below than above. They are glabrous and leathery in texture, and linear-oblong to narrowly elliptic in shape. [6] The leaf margins may be frilled or wavy and are tightly rolled under. [5] [7]
The primary, lateral veins have a straight and parallel arrangement. They terminate on, and often fork near the leaf margin. There are up to 40 veins a side, [2] which are prominently raised below. [6] They are light in colour, contrasting with the dark, glossy upper surfaces. [8]
The flowers are small (±4 mm in diameter) and are carried in axillary [2] or terminal panicles. [3] They are greenish-white (male) [4] or pink to red, and appear in early spring (August to October). [7] The ovary is ovoid and the calyx is saucer-shaped. The floral parts are in fives, [7] but female flowers have three styles. [4]
The indehiscent fruit which appear from October to December, are smooth, fleshy drupes [6] that mature to a pale mauve colour [8] in autumn. [2] Each contains a single seed. [6] (cf. Ozoroa)
Various forest mammals and birds feed on the fruit while on the tree, or after they are dropped, while the bark and foliage are browsed by Black rhino. [3]
The fine-grained wood has been used for furniture, planks [3] [5] and fence posts, [9] but is not considered very durable. [7] The ground up bark, though somewhat poisonous, is used as "red" muti ( Zulu: uMuthi-embomvu). [5] The sticky milky sap has been used a glue, for instance to fix assegai blades to their handles, or as a depilatory. [7]
The species can be cultivated from fresh seed and does well in gardens. They are useful as specimen trees or screening plants, [8] and grow relatively fast, up to 80 cm a year. [3] Though it thrives in warm, moist regions, it is also tolerant of drought and slight frost. [8]