Proto-Indo-Iranian reconstruction
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Indo-Aryan
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Iranian
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Mitanni
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Etymology
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Notes
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*Háǰʰiš
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Ahi
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Aži
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–
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–
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*Aryamā́
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Skt
Aryaman
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Av.
Airiiaman
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–
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–
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*Bʰagás
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Skt
Bhaga
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OPers. *Baga
[2]
[a]
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–
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OPers. *Baga is inferred from Bāgayādi, month of the feast *Bagayāda- ('worshiping Baga = Mithra').
[2] The etymology indicates a societal deity that distributes wealth and prosperity.
[5]
[6]
Slavic bog ('god') and bogátyj ('rich') are generally seen as loanwords from Iranian.
[7]
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*Ćarwa
[8]
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Skt Śarva
[8]
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YAv. Sauruua
[8]
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–
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Perhaps related to
ToB śer(u)we,
ToA śaru 'hunter'.
[8]
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Probably meaning 'hunter' (cf.
Khot. hasirä 'quarry, hunted beast',
Oss. suryn 'to chase, hunt', syrd 'wild beast'). An epithet of
Rudra or
Śiva in Sanskrit. Name of one the
daēuua (demons) in Young Avestan.
[8]
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*Dyauš
[9]
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Skt
Dyáuṣ
[9]
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OAv. diiaoš
[9]
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–
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From PIE *dyēus, the daylight-sky god.
[9]
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Meaning 'heaven, daylight sky'. Name of the inherited
Proto-Indo-European sky-god (cf. Hitt. šīuš, Grk
Zeus, Lat.
Jove)
[9] See
Dyēus for further information.
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*Hagníš
[10]
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Skt
Agni
[10]
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YAv. Dāšt-āɣni
[10]
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From PIE *h₁n̥gʷnis, the fire as an active force.
[10]
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Name of the inherited Proto-Indo-European fire-god (cf. Lith. Ugnis, Alb.
enjte).
[10] See
H1n̥gʷnis for further information.
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*Hāpam-nápāts
[11]
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Skt Apā́m nápāt
[11]
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YAv. apᶏm napāt
[11]
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–
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From PIE *h2ep- ('water') and *h2nepot- ('grandson, descendant').
[11]
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Meaning 'Grandsons of the Waters'.
[11] See
Apam Napat for further information.
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*Haramati
[12]
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Skt Arámati
[12]
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Av.
Ārmaiti
[12]
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–
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No known IE cognate.
[12]
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Goddess of obedience and piety. Cf. Skt arámanas ('obedient') and Av. ārmaiti ('piety, devotion').
[12]
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*HatHarwan
[13]
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Skt
Átharvan
[13]
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YAv. Āθrauuan
[13]
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–
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Perhaps a borrowing from a Central Asian language (cf. ToA atär, ToB etre 'hero').
[13]
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Name of a primordial priest. The Sanskrit cognate is the name of the primordial priest, while the Young Avestan form designates the first social class (i.e. the priests). Scholars have rendered the stem *HatHar- as a 'religious-magical fluid' or 'magical potency'.
[13]
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*Hwi(H)waswant
[14]
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Skt
Vivásvant
[14]
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YAv. Vīuuanhvant
[14]
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–
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From PIE *h2ues- 'dawn'.
[14]
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Meaning 'morning dawn'. Father of *YamHa (see below). Cf. Skt vaivasvatá and Av. vīuuaŋhuša- ('descending from Vivasvant').
[14]
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(?) *Wr̥trás
[15]
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Skt
Vṛtrá
[15]
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YAv.
Vǝrǝθraɣna
[15]
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–
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No known IE cognate.
[15]
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*wr̥trás means 'defence' (the original meaning may have been 'cover'). Skt
Vṛtrá is the name of a demon slain by Indra, often depicted as a cobra. YAv.
Vǝrǝθraɣna, meaning 'breaking of defence, victory', is the name of a god. Cf. also Middle Persian Wahrām ('war god, god of victory'). The Arm. god
Vahagn is a loanword from Iranian.
[15]
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*Hušā́s
[16]
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Skt
Uṣás
[16]
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OAv. Ušå
[16]
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–
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From PIE *h₂éws-ōs, the Dawn-goddess.
[16]
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Name of the dawn-goddess.
[16] See
H₂éwsōs for further information.
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*Índras
[17]
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Skt
Índra
[17]
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YAv. Indra
[17]
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Mit. Indara
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No known IE cognate.
[17]
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–
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*Krćānu ~ *Krćāni
[19]
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Skt Kṛśā́nu
[19]
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YAv. Kərəsāni
[19]
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–
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No known IE cognate.
[19]
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Divine being associated with the
Soma. In Sanskrit, the divine archer that guards the celestial Soma; in Young Avestan, name of a hostile king driven away by Haoma.
[19]
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*Mánuš
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Skt
Manu
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Av. *Manūš
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–
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From PIE *Manu- ('
Man', 'ancestor of humankind'; cf. Germ.
Mannus).
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Av. *Manūš.čiθra ('son of Manuš') is inferred from Old Persian Manūščihr, the name of a high priest.
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*Mitrás
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Skt
Mitrá
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Av.
Miθra
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Mit. Mitra
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See
Mitra.
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Skt
Nā́satyā
[21]
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Av. Nā̊ŋhaiθya
[21]
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Mit. Našattiya
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Probably from PIE *nes- ('save, heal'; cf. Goth. nasjan).
[21]
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Skt Nā́satyā is another name for the
Aśvínā ('horse-possessors'); Nā̊ŋhaiθya is the name of a demon in the
Zoroastrian religious system. According to scholar Douglas Frame, "the Iranian singular suggests that in Common Indo-Iranian the twins’ dual name also occurred in the singular to name one twin in opposition to the other".
[21] See
Divine Twins.
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*Pr̥tHwíH
[22]
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Skt
Pṛithvī́
[22]
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YAv. ząm pərəθβīm
[22]
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–
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From PIE *pleth₂wih₁ 'the broad one'.
[22]
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Name of the deified earth. The Sanskrit poetic formula kṣā́m ... pṛthivī́m ('broad earth') is identical to YAv. ząm pərəθβīm (id.)
[22] See
Dʰéǵʰōm for further information.
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*PuHšā́
[23]
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Skt
Pisán
[23]
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–
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–
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From PIE *p(e)h2uson (cf. Grk
Πάων < *pausōn).
[23]
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Name of a herding-god, protector of roads, inspector of creatures.
[23]
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*Sušna
[24]
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Skt Śúsna
[24]
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Sh. sāɣ(d)
[24]
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–
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From PIE ḱues-.
[24]
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Name of a malevolent being. Proto-Iranian *sušnā- is inferred from Sh. sāɣ̌(d) ('big snake, dragon').
[24]
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*Tritá
[25]
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Skt
Tritá
[25]
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YAv. θrita
[25]
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–
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From PIE trito 'third'.
[25]
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Mythical hero; one of the first preparers of the Soma.
[25]
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Skt
Váruṇa
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Av. *Vouruna(?)
[26]
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Mit. Aruna
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The Indo-Iranian ancestry is supported by Mitanni Aruna. The Avestan *Vouruna is postulated as the form the god would have taken in Iran, perhaps later replaced by
Ahura Mazdā or
Apam Napat.
[26]
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*Ućan
[27]
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Skt Uśánā
[27]
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YAv. Usan
[27]
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–
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Probably a non-IE name based on the same root as *ućig- ('sacrificer').
[27]
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Name of a sage.
[27]
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*HwaHyúš and *HwáHatas
[28]
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Skt
Vāyú and Vā́ta
[28]
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OAv.
Vaiiu and Vāta
[28]
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–
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From PIE *h2ueh1iu and *h2ueh1nto.
[28]
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Gods of winds.
[28]
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*YámHas
[29]
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Skt
Yamá
[29]
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Av.
Yima
[29]
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–
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From PIE *imH-o 'twin'.
[29]
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Meaning 'twin'; inherited from Proto-Indo-European (cf. Old Norse
Ymir, the primeval giant). In Indo-Iranian, name of the mythical primeval man, first presser of the Soma, and son of the god *Hui(H)uasuant .
[29] Cognate to the Indic goddess
Yamuna, a
deified river. See
Indo-European cosmogony for further information.
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