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Privileged partnership is a generic term for increased cooperation between the European Union and a non-EU country to advance common goals, [1] often without pursuing EU membership. [2] [3] [4]

History

The term was initially used to describe an alternative to EU membership for Turkey that was first floated in November 2002 by Heinrich August Winkler in Die Zeit [5] and later formally proposed in 2004, [6] [7] although the term was used previously in 2003 to describe a proposed relationship with Russia [8] and was also used in 2004 for a proposed relationship with Israel. [9]

Since that time, the term has been used for alternatives for EU membership for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo. [10] It has since been used retrospectively to characterize relationships with the countries [11] [12] [13] considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy that were first proposed in the Commission Communication of March 2003, [14] and is also used for the EU's bilateral relationship with Tunisia [15] [16] [17] and with Russia. [18]

Ultimately, the term dates back to 1957 when it was used to characterize Morocco's relationship with the European Economic Community. [19]

By country

Albania

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Albania. [10]

Algeria

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Algeria. [13]

Armenia

See also: Armenia–EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Armenia. [13]

Azerbaijan

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Azerbaijan. [13]

Belarus

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Belarus. [13]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Bosnia and Herzegovina. [10]

Croatia

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Croatia. The option was dropped in favor of full membership. Croatia joined the union in July 2013. [10]

Egypt

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Egypt. [13]

North Macedonia

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for North Macedonia. [10]

Georgia

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Georgia. [13]

Israel

The term was used by Spanish foreign minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos, who spoke out for a "privileged partnership, offering all the benefits of EU membership, without participation in the institutions" for Israel. [9] It was also used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Israel. [13]

Jordan

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Jordan. [13]

Kosovo

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Kosovo. [10]

Lebanon

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Lebanon. [13]

Libya

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Libya. [13]

Moldova

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Moldova. [13]

Morocco

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Morocco. [13]

Palestine

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including the Palestinian Authority. [13]

Russia

French President Jacques Chirac used the term for a proposed Russia-EU relationship at the Russia-EU summit in 2003. [8]

Serbia and Montenegro

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Serbia and Montenegro. [10]

Syria

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Syria. [13]

Tunisia

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Tunisia. [13]

Turkey

Privileged partnership ( Turkish: İmtiyazlı ortaklık) was the term used by Angela Merkel in February 2004 [6] to describe a future relationship between Turkey and the European Union which fell short of full membership. The proposal was advanced by CDU/CSU members. [7]

Ukraine

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Ukraine. [13]

United Kingdom

The term was used by Jacques Delors for a proposed relationship between the European Union and the United Kingdom should it exit the EU. [20]

See also

References

  1. ^ Wilhelm Knelangen, "A Neighbourhood of Freedom, Security and Justice?", see here[ permanent dead link]
  2. ^ Claus Leggewie "Privileged partnership, less democracy?", www.eurozine.com 2008-07-08, see here Archived 4 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "BORDERING AND ORDERING THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON EU TERRITORIALITY AND GEOPOLITICS", James Wesley Scott, University of Joensuu, TRAMES, 2009, 13(63/58), 3, 232–247, see here
  4. ^ "THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY: THE EUROPEAN UNION'S NEW ENGAGEMENT TOWARDS WIDER EUROPE", by Sevilay KAHRAMAN, see here
  5. ^ Heinrich August Winkler: Wir erweitern uns zu Tode Die Zeit Nr. 46, 7. November 2002
  6. ^ a b "WHAT IS PRIVILEGED PARTNERSHIP FOR?", Diplomatic Observer, 16 July 2009, see here Archived 21 January 2013 at archive.today
  7. ^ a b "Preserving Europe : Offer Turkey a privileged partnership instead" By Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Wednesday, 15 December 2004, see here
  8. ^ a b "French president speaks for Russia-EU privileged partnership", 31.05.2003, Pravda.ru, see here
  9. ^ a b "Spanish foreign minister backs virtual membership for Israel", 03.12.04 @ 09:55 EUObserver, see here
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "Merkel moots privileged partnership for Balkans" 17.03.06 @ 13:49 EUObserver, see here
  11. ^ "COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION, European Neighbourhood Policy STRATEGY PAPER, Brussels, 12.5.2004 COM(2004) 373 final see here
  12. ^ "The Eastern Dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy: A Romanian approach" Iulian Chifu, Conflict Prevention and Early Warning Centre, Bucharest see here Archived 13 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Foreign Ministry, Foreign Policy, Europe, Neighbourhood Policy, from the Austrian Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs, see here
  14. ^ "COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: Wider Europe — Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours" Brussels, 11.3.2003 COM(2003) 104 final, see here
  15. ^ "EU-Tunisia: privileged partnership in November, Barroso says: Fule and Bettaieb sign financial aid plans for health, justice" 02 OCTOBER, 19:13, ANSAMed, see here
  16. ^ "Tunisia to become Privileged Partner to European Union", Hend Hassassi, 29 October 2012, see here Archived 5 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ "Tunisia’s Privileged Partnership With the European Union", Nadya B’Chir. Translated from Business News (Tunisia), November 2012 see here Archived 3 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ "The Economic Rationale of the European Neighborhood Policy", Susanne Milcher, Ben Slay, Mark Collins, United Nations’ Development Programme 2006, see here[ permanent dead link]
  19. ^ "Neighborhood and Enlargement Policy: Comparing the Democratization Impact of the European Union in Morocco and Turkey", Martina Warning, WP 4/2006, CIRES (Italian Research Centre for European Studies), see here Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "Britain could leave EU, says Jacques Delors", 28/12/2012, from France 24, see here
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