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Direct presidential elections are held in Brazil as part of the general elections every four years (which has been regular since 1994), typically in October. The current electoral law provides for a two-round system in which a candidate must receive more than 50% of the vote to win in the first round; if no candidate passes the 50% threshold, a run-off is held between the top two candidates. ^[1] Every candidate has a running mate who disputes the post of vice-president; prior to 1966, the vice-president was elected separately.

The country has held presidential elections since 1891, spanning over a period of several different republican governments and national constitutions.

This list shows the winner of the elections and the runner-up.

Old Republic

Presidentialism was introduced in Brazil after the Proclamation of the Republic in 1889, and the first election was held in 1891. According to the 1891 Constitution, the right to vote was restricted to men over 21 years old who were not illiterate, homeless or enlisted-rank soldiers. ^[2] The elections for president and vice-president were held separately and the same person could be a candidate for both.

Overall, only a small portion of the population voted. ^[3] Since coronelism was common, the colonel elites often persuaded people to vote for certain candidates.

1891

The very first president was elected indirectly by the Congress.

Candidate	Votes	%
Deodoro da Fonseca	129	55.60
Prudente de Morais	97	41.81
Floriano Peixoto	3	1.29
Saldanha Marinho	2	0.86
José Higino Duarte Pereira	1	0.43
Total	232	100.00
Valid votes	232	99.15
Invalid/blank votes	2	0.85
Total votes	234	100.00
Registered voters/turnout	268	87.31

1894

From 1894 on, elections were held every four years.

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Prudente de Morais	Federal Republican	290,889	84.38
	Afonso Pena	Minas Republican	38,291	11.11
	Cesário Alvim	Minas Republican	3,719	1.08
	Ruy Barbosa	Paulista Republican	3,718	1.08
	José Luiz de Almeida Couto		3,137	0.91
	Lauro Sodré	Federal Republican	1,876	0.54
Others			3,092	0.90
Total			344,722	100.00
Valid votes			344,722	96.93
Invalid/blank votes			10,903	3.07
Total votes			355,625	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			1,050,000	33.87

1898

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Campos Sales	Paulista Republican	420,286	90.98
	Lauro Sodré	Federal Republican	38,929	8.43
	Júlio de Castilhos	Rio-Grandense Republican	621	0.13
Others			2,115	0.46
Total			461,951	100.00
Valid votes			461,951	98.34
Invalid/blank votes			7,812	1.66
Total votes			469,763	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			1,168,000	40.22

1902

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Rodrigues Alves	Paulista Republican	592,038	91.69
	Quintino Bocaiuva	Conservative Republican	42,542	6.59
Others			11,147	1.73
Total			645,727	100.00
Valid votes			645,727	97.84
Invalid/blank votes			14,273	2.16
Total votes			660,000	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			1,286,000	51.32

1906

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Afonso Pena	Minas Republican	288,285	98.27
	Lauro Sodré	Federal Republican	4,865	1.66
	Ruy Barbosa	Paulista Republican	207	0.07
Others
Total			293,357	100.00
Valid votes			293,357	98.13
Invalid/blank votes			5,599	1.87
Total votes			298,956	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			1,357,000	22.03

1910

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Hermes da Fonseca	Conservative Republican	403,867	64.35
	Ruy Barbosa	Paulista Republican	222,822	35.51
	Venceslau Brás	Minas Republican	152	0.02
Others			726	0.12
Total			627,567	100.00
Valid votes			627,567	98.06
Invalid/blank votes			12,433	1.94
Total votes			640,000	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			1,490,000	42.95

1914

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Venceslau Brás	Minas Republican	532,107	91.58
	Ruy Barbosa	Liberal Republican	47,782	8.22
	Pinheiro Machado	Conservative Republican	222	0.04
Others			889	0.15
Total			581,000	100.00
Valid votes			581,000	98.47
Invalid/blank votes			9,000	1.53
Total votes			590,000	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			1,580,000	37.34

1918

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Rodrigues Alves	Paulista Republican	386,467	99.03
	Nilo Peçanha	Fluminense Republican	1,768	0.45
	Ruy Barbosa	Paulista Republican	1,044	0.27
Others			962	0.25
Total			390,241	100.00
Valid votes			390,241	98.80
Invalid/blank votes			4,749	1.20
Total votes			394,990	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			1,726,000	22.88

1919

Since Rodrigues Alves, the President-elect, caught the Spanish flu and died before taking office, a new election was held in 1919.

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Epitácio Pessoa	Minas Republican	286,373	70.96
	Ruy Barbosa	Paulista Republican	116,414	28.85
	Altino Arantes	Paulista Republican	161	0.04
Others			612	0.15
Total			403,560	100.00
Valid votes			403,560	96.55
Invalid/blank votes			14,440	3.45
Total votes			418,000	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			1,766,000	23.67

1922

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Artur Bernardes	Minas Republican	466,972	59.46
	Nilo Peçanha	Fluminense Republican	317,714	40.46
	Urbano Santos	Minas Republican	232	0.03
Others			383	0.05
Total			785,301	100.00
Valid votes			785,301	73.67
Invalid/blank votes			280,699	26.33
Total votes			1,066,000	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			1,900,000	56.11

1926

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Washington Luís	Paulista Republican	688,528	99.70
	Assis Brasil	Democratic Republican	1,116	0.16
	Melo Viana	Minas Republican	341	0.05
Others			598	0.09
Total			690,583	100.00
Valid votes			690,583	98.37
Invalid/blank votes			11,417	1.63
Total votes			702,000	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			2,210,000	31.76

1930

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Júlio Prestes	Paulista Republican	1,091,709	59.39
	Getúlio Vargas	Liberal Alliance	742,794	40.41
	Minervino de Oliveira	Workers and Peasants' Bloc	151	0.01
Others			3,550	0.19
Total			1,838,204	100.00
Valid votes			1,838,204	96.74
Invalid/blank votes			61,921	3.26
Total votes			1,900,125	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			2,525,000	75.25

Vargas Era

With the Revolution of 1930, the country was governed until 1930 by a military triumvirate, while Getúlio Vargas was the de facto president (officially President of the Provisional Government). ^[4] The new Constitution predicted that the first president would be chosen by the Congress in an indirect election.

1934

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Getúlio Vargas (incumbent)	Independent	175	57.00
	Borges de Medeiros	Rio-Grandense Republican	59	19.22
Others			73	23.78
Total			307	100.00

A second election was scheduled for 1938, but it did not happen due to the 1937 coup d'état, under which another Constitution was written.

Second Republic

After Vargas was forced to resign in 1945, a new state was born under a democratic constitution written in 1946. The new Constitution provided for direct elections every five years for both president and vice-president.

1945

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Eurico Gaspar Dutra	PSD	3,251,507	55.39
	Eduardo Gomes	UDN	2,039,341	34.74
	Yedo Fiúza	PCB	569,818	9.71
	Mário Rolim Teles	PAN	10,001	0.17
Total			5,870,667	100.00
Valid votes			5,870,667	97.74
Invalid votes			65,217	1.09
Blank votes			70,328	1.17
Total votes			6,006,212	100.00

1950

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Getúlio Vargas	PTB	3,879,040	48.93
	Eduardo Gomes	UDN	2,342,384	29.55
	Cristiano Machado	PSD	1,697,173	21.41
	João Mangabeira	PSB	9,466	0.12
Total			7,928,063	100.00
Valid votes			7,928,063	95.68
Invalid votes			146,473	1.77
Blank votes			211,433	2.55
Total votes			8,285,969	100.00

1955

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Juscelino Kubitschek	PSD	3,077,411	35.68
	Juarez Távora	UDN	2,610,462	30.27
	Adhemar de Barros	PSP	2,222,725	25.77
	Plínio Salgado	PRP	714,379	8.28
Total			8,624,977	100.00
Valid votes			8,624,977	94.81
Invalid votes			310,185	3.41
Blank votes			161,852	1.78
Total votes			9,097,014	100.00

1960

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Jânio Quadros	PTN	5,636,825	48.26
	Teixeira Lott	PSD	3,846,825	32.94
	Adhemar de Barros	PSP	2,195,709	18.80
Total			11,679,359	100.00
Valid votes			11,679,359	92.79
Invalid votes			473,806	3.76
Blank votes			433,391	3.44
Total votes			12,586,556	100.00

Military rule

With the 1964 military coup d'état, the direct democracy ended and presidents (who were all members of military, except for the last one) were now elected by the Congress. ^[5] The interval between elections was irregular.

1964

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Humberto Castello Branco	Ind.	361	98.63
	Juarez Távora	PDC	3	0.82
	Eurico Gaspar Dutra	PSD	2	0.55
Total			366	100.00
Valid votes			366	83.56
Invalid/blank votes			72	16.44
Total votes			438	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			475	92.21

1966

With the two-party system, only ARENA and MDB could dispute elections. President and vice-president were now part of the same ticket. The 1966 and 1969 elections had only one candidate.

Candidate		Running mate	Party	Votes	%
	Artur da Costa e Silva	Pedro Aleixo	ARENA	294	100.00
Total				294	100.00
Valid votes				294	87.76
Invalid/blank votes				41	12.24
Total votes				335	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				475	70.53

1969

First election under the 1967 Constitution.

Candidate		Running mate	Party	Votes	%
	Emílio Garrastazu Médici	Augusto Rademaker	ARENA	293	100.00
Total				293	100.00
Valid votes				293	79.40
Invalid/blank votes				76	20.60
Total votes				369	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				475	77.68

1974

Candidate		Running mate	Party	Votes	%
	Ernesto Geisel	Adalberto Pereira dos Santos	ARENA	400	84.03
	Ulysses Guimarães	Barbosa Lima Sobrinho	MDB	76	15.97
Total				476	100.00
Valid votes				476	95.77
Invalid/blank votes				21	4.23
Total votes				497	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				503	98.81

1978

Candidate		Running mate	Party	Votes	%
	João Figueiredo	Aureliano Chaves	ARENA	355	61.10
	Euler Bentes Monteiro	Paulo Brossard	MDB	226	38.90
Total				581	100.00
Valid votes				581	98.14
Invalid/blank votes				11	1.86
Total votes				592	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				592	100.00

1985

The two-party system ended in 1979 and many other parties were created. This was the last election under the military regime.

Candidate		Running mate	Party	Votes	%
	Tancredo Neves	José Sarney	PMDB	480	72.73
	Paulo Maluf	Flávio Marcílio	PDS	180	27.27
Total				660	100.00
Valid votes				660	96.21
Invalid/blank votes				26	3.79
Total votes				686	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				695	98.71

New Republic

Under the current Constitution enacted in October 1988, elections are held every four years (except for the first one, which was held five years before the second to match the centenary of the Proclamation of the Republic) and citizens elect a ticket for both president and vice-president. Voting is mandatory for men and women between 18 and 70 years old who are not illiterate, and optional for people aged 16–17, over 70, and illiterates. ^[1]

1989

Candidate		Running mate	Party	First round		Second round
				Votes	%	Votes	%
	Fernando Collor	Itamar Franco	PRN	20,611,030	30.48	35,090,206	53.03
	Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	José Paulo Bisol ( PSB)	PT	11,622,321	17.19	31,075,803	46.97
	Leonel Brizola	Fernando Lyra	PDT	11,167,665	16.51
	Mário Covas	Almir Gabriel	PSDB	7,790,381	11.52
	Paulo Maluf	Bonifácio de Andrada	PDS	5,986,585	8.85
	Guilherme Afif Domingos	Aluísio Pimenta (PDC)	PL	3,272,520	4.84
	Ulysses Guimarães	Waldir Pires	PMDB	3,204,996	4.74
	Roberto Freire	Sérgio Arouca	PCB	769,117	1.14
	Aureliano Chaves	Cláudio Lembo	PFL	600,821	0.89
	Ronaldo Caiado	Camilo Calazans (PDN)	PSD	488,893	0.72
	Affonso Camargo Neto	Paiva Muniz	PTB	379,284	0.56
	Enéas Carneiro	Lenine Madeira	PRONA	360,578	0.53
	José Alcides de Oliveira	Reinau Valim	PSP	238,408	0.35
	Paulo Gontijo	Luís Paulino	PP	198,710	0.29
	Zamir José Teixeira	William Pereira	PCN	187,164	0.28
	Lívia Maria Pio	Ardwin Grunewald	PN	179,925	0.27
	Eudes Oliveira Mattar	Daniel Lazzeoroni Jr	PLP	162,343	0.24
	Fernando Gabeira	Maurício Lobo Abreu	PV	125,844	0.19
	Celso Brant	Emídio Neto	PMN	109,903	0.16
	Antônio Pedreira	José Fortunato	PPB	86,107	0.13
	Manoel Horta	Jorge Coelho de Sá	PDCdoB	83,291	0.12
	Armando Corrêa	Agostinho Linhares	PMB	0	0.00
Total				67,625,886	100.00	66,166,009	100.00
Valid votes				67,625,886	93.55	66,166,009	94.17
Invalid votes				3,487,963	4.82	3,108,232	4.42
Blank votes				1,176,367	1.63	986,460	1.40
Total votes				72,290,216	100.00	70,260,701	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				82,074,718	88.08	82,074,718	85.61

1994

Candidate		Running mate	Party	Votes	%
	Fernando Henrique Cardoso	Marco Maciel ( PFL)	PSDB	34,314,961	54.24
	Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	Aloizio Mercadante	PT	17,122,127	27.07
	Enéas Carneiro	Roberto Gama	PRONA	4,671,457	7.38
	Orestes Quércia	Iris de Araújo	PMDB	2,772,121	4.38
	Leonel Brizola	Darcy Ribeiro	PDT	2,015,836	3.19
	Esperidião Amin	Gardênia Gonçalves	PPR	1,739,894	2.75
	Carlos Antônio Gomes	Dilton Salomoni	PRN	387,738	0.61
	Hernani Fortuna	Vítor Nósseis	PSC	238,197	0.38
Total				63,262,331	100.00
Valid votes				63,262,331	81.21
Invalid votes				7,444,017	9.56
Blank votes				7,192,116	9.23
Total votes				77,898,464	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				94,732,410	82.23

1998

Candidate		Running mate	Party	Votes	%
	Fernando Henrique Cardoso (incumbent)	Marco Maciel ( PFL)	PSDB	35,936,540	53.06
	Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	Leonel Brizola ( PDT)	PT	21,475,218	31.71
	Ciro Gomes	Roberto Freire	PPS	7,426,170	10.97
	Enéas Carneiro	Irapuan Teixeira	PRONA	1,447,090	2.14
	Ivan Frota	João Ferreira da Silva	PMN	251,337	0.37
	Alfredo Sirkis	Carla Rabello	PV	212,984	0.31
	José Maria de Almeida	José Galvão de Lima	PSTU	202,659	0.30
	João de Deus	Nanci Pilar	PTdoB	198,916	0.29
	José Maria Eymael	Jormar Alderete	PSDC	171,831	0.25
	Thereza Ruiz	Eduardo Gomes	PTN	166,138	0.25
	Sérgio Bueno	Ronald Azaro	PSC	124,659	0.18
	Vasco Azevedo Neto	Alexandre José dos Santos	PSN	109,003	0.16
Total				67,722,545	100.00
Valid votes				67,722,545	81.30
Invalid votes				8,886,895	10.67
Blank votes				6,688,403	8.03
Total votes				83,297,843	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				106,101,067	78.51

2002

Candidate		Running mate	Party	First round		Second round
				Votes	%	Votes	%
	Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	José Alencar ( PL)	PT	39,455,233	46.44	52,793,364	61.27
	José Serra	Rita Camata ( PMDB)	PSDB	19,705,445	23.20	33,370,739	38.73
	Anthony Garotinho	José Antônio Almeida	PSB	15,180,097	17.87
	Ciro Gomes	Paulo Pereira da Silva	PPS	10,170,882	11.97
	José Maria de Almeida	Dayse Oliveira	PSTU	402,236	0.47
	Rui Costa Pimenta	Pedro Paulo de Abreu	PCO	38,619	0.05
Total				84,952,512	100.00	86,164,103	100.00
Valid votes				84,952,512	89.61	86,164,103	94.00
Invalid votes				6,976,107	7.36	3,772,138	4.12
Blank votes				2,873,720	3.03	1,727,760	1.88
Total votes				94,802,339	100.00	91,664,001	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				115,254,113	82.26	115,254,113	79.53

2006

Candidate		Running mate	Party	First round		Second round
				Votes	%	Votes	%
	Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (incumbent)	José Alencar ( PRB)	PT	46,662,365	48.61	58,298,042	60.83
	Geraldo Alckmin	José Jorge ( PFL)	PSDB	39,968,369	41.64	37,543,178	39.17
	Heloísa Helena	César Benjamin	PSOL	6,575,393	6.85
	Cristovam Buarque	Jefferson Peres	PDT	2,538,844	2.64
	Ana Maria Rangel	Delma Gama e Narcini	PRP	126,404	0.13
	José Maria Eymael	José Paulo Neto	PSDC	63,294	0.07
	Luciano Bivar	Américo de Souza	PSL	62,064	0.06
Total				95,996,733	100.00	95,841,220	100.00
Valid votes				95,996,733	91.58	95,841,220	93.96
Invalid votes				5,957,521	5.68	4,808,553	4.71
Blank votes				2,866,205	2.73	1,351,448	1.32
Total votes				104,820,459	100.00	102,001,221	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				125,913,134	83.25	125,913,134	81.01

2010

Candidate		Running mate	Party	First round		Second round
				Votes	%	Votes	%
	Dilma Rousseff	Michel Temer ( PMDB)	PT	47,651,434	46.91	55,752,529	56.05
	José Serra	Indio da Costa ( DEM)	PSDB	33,132,283	32.61	43,711,388	43.95
	Marina Silva	Guilherme Leal	PV	19,636,359	19.33
	Plínio de Arruda Sampaio	Hamilton Assis	PSOL	886,816	0.87
	José Maria Eymael	José Paulo Neto	PSDC	89,350	0.09
	José Maria de Almeida	Cláudia Durans	PSTU	84,609	0.08
	Levy Fidelix	Luiz Eduardo Duarte	PRTB	57,960	0.06
	Ivan Pinheiro	Edmilson Costa	PCB	39,136	0.04
	Rui Costa Pimenta	Edson Dorta	PCO	12,206	0.01
Total				101,590,153	100.00	99,463,917	100.00
Valid votes				101,590,153	91.36	99,463,917	93.30
Invalid votes				6,124,254	5.51	4,689,428	4.40
Blank votes				3,479,340	3.13	2,452,597	2.30
Total votes				111,193,747	100.00	106,605,942	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				135,804,433	81.88	135,804,433	78.50

2014

Candidate		Running mate	Party	First round		Second round
				Votes	%	Votes	%
	Dilma Rousseff (incumbent)	Michel Temer ( PMDB)	PT	43,267,668	41.59	54,501,118	51.64
	Aécio Neves	Aloysio Nunes	PSDB	34,897,211	33.55	51,041,155	48.36
	Marina Silva	Beto Albuquerque	PSB	22,176,619	21.32
	Luciana Genro	Jorge Paz	PSOL	1,612,186	1.55
	Everaldo Pereira	Leonardo Gadelha	PSC	780,513	0.75
	Eduardo Jorge	Célia Sacramento	PV	630,099	0.61
	Levy Fidelix	José Alves de Oliveira	PRTB	446,878	0.43
	José Maria de Almeida	Cláudia Durans	PSTU	91,209	0.09
	José Maria Eymael	Roberto Lopes	PSDC	61,250	0.06
	Mauro Iasi	Sofia Manzano	PCB	47,845	0.05
	Rui Costa Pimenta	Ricardo Machado	PCO	12,324	0.01
Total				104,023,802	100.00	105,542,273	100.00
Valid votes				104,023,802	90.36	105,542,273	93.66
Invalid votes				6,678,580	5.80	5,219,787	4.63
Blank votes				4,420,488	3.84	1,921,819	1.71
Total votes				115,122,870	100.00	112,683,879	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				142,822,046	80.61	142,822,046	78.90

2018

Candidate		Running mate	Party	First round		Second round
				Votes	%	Votes	%
	Jair Bolsonaro	Hamilton Mourão ( PRTB)	PSL	49,276,990	46.03	57,797,847	55.13
	Fernando Haddad	Manuela d'Ávila ( PCdoB)	PT	31,342,051	29.28	47,040,906	44.87
	Ciro Gomes	Kátia Abreu	PDT	13,344,371	12.47
	Geraldo Alckmin	Ana Amélia Lemos ( PP)	PSDB	5,096,350	4.76
	João Amoêdo	Christian Lohbauer	NOVO	2,679,745	2.50
	Benevenuto Daciolo	Suelene Balduino	Patriota	1,348,323	1.26
	Henrique Meirelles	Germano Rigotto	MDB	1,288,950	1.20
	Marina Silva	Eduardo Jorge ( PV)	REDE	1,069,578	1.00
	Álvaro Dias	Paulo Rabello ( PSC)	PODE	859,601	0.80
	Guilherme Boulos	Sônia Guajajara	PSOL	617,122	0.58
	Vera Lúcia Salgado	Hertz Dias	PSTU	55,762	0.05
	José Maria Eymael	Helvio Costa	DC	41,710	0.04
	João Goulart Filho	Léo Alves	PPL	30,176	0.03
Total				107,050,729	100.00	104,838,753	100.00
Valid votes				107,050,729	91.21	104,838,753	90.43
Invalid votes				7,206,222	6.14	8,608,105	7.43
Blank votes				3,106,937	2.65	2,486,593	2.14
Total votes				117,363,888	100.00	115,933,451	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				147,306,295	79.67	147,306,294	78.70

2022

Candidate		Running mate	Party	First round		Second round
				Votes	%	Votes	%
	Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	Geraldo Alckmin ( PSB)	PT	57,259,504	48.43	60,345,999	50.90
	Jair Bolsonaro (incumbent)	Walter Braga Netto	PL	51,072,345	43.20	58,206,354	49.10
	Simone Tebet	Mara Gabrilli ( PSDB)	MDB	4,915,423	4.16
	Ciro Gomes	Ana Paula Matos	PDT	3,599,287	3.04
	Soraya Thronicke	Marcos Cintra	UNIÃO	600,955	0.51
	Luiz Felipe d'Avila	Tiago Mitraud	NOVO	559,708	0.47
	Kelmon Souza	Luiz Cláudio Gamonal	PTB	81,129	0.07
	Leonardo Péricles	Samara Martins	UP	53,519	0.05
	Sofia Manzano	Antônio Alves	PCB	45,620	0.04
	Vera Lúcia Salgado	Kunã Yporã Tremembé	PSTU	25,625	0.02
	José Maria Eymael	João Barbosa Bravo	DC	16,604	0.01
Total				118,229,719	100.00	118,552,353	100.00
Valid votes				118,229,719	95.59	118,552,353	95.41
Invalid votes				3,487,874	2.82	3,930,765	3.16
Blank votes				1,964,779	1.59	1,769,678	1.42
Total votes				123,682,372	100.00	124,252,796	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				156,453,354	79.05	156,453,354	79.42

References