Portal:Pan-Africanism/Selected culture/1
The culture of Africa is varied and manifold, consisting of a mixture of countries with various tribes that each have their own unique characteristic from the continent of
Africa. It is a product of the diverse populations that today inhabit the continent of Africa and the
African Diaspora. African culture is expressed in its
arts and crafts, folklore and
religion, clothing,
cuisine,
music and
languages. Expressions of culture are abundant within Africa, with large amounts of cultural diversity being found not only across different countries but also within single countries. Even though African cultures are widely diverse, it is also, when closely studied, seen to have many similarities. For example, the morals they uphold, their love and respect for their culture as well as the strong respect they hold for the aged and the important i.e.
Kings and Chiefs.
Africa has influenced and been influenced by other continents. This can be portrayed in the willingness to adapt to the ever-changing modern world rather than staying rooted to their static culture. The Westernized few, persuaded by European culture and Christianity, first denied African traditional culture, but with the increase of African
nationalism, a cultural recovery occurred. The governments of most African nations encourage national dance and music groups, museums, and to a lower degree, artists and writers.
Selection of images depicting African culture
Kenyan boys and girls performing a traditional folklore dance.
Sudanese basket tray, Tabar of weaved natural plant fibre, coloured in different colours.
African art describes the modern and historical paintings, sculptures, installations, and other visual culture from native or indigenous
Africans and the African continent. The definition may also include the art of the native
African,
African diasporas, such as
African American,
Caribbean and other American art. Despite this diversity, there are some unifying artistic themes when considering the totality of the
visual culture from the continent of Africa.
Masquerade, metalwork, sculpture, architecture, fiber art, and dance are important art forms across Africa and may be included in the study of African art. The term "African art" does not usually include the art of the
North African areas along the
Mediterranean coast, as such areas had long been part of different traditions. For more than a millennium, the art of such areas had formed part of
Islamic art, although with many particular characteristics. The
art of Ethiopia, with a long
Christian tradition, is also different from that of most of Africa, where
traditional African religion (with
Islam in the north) was dominant until relatively recently. African art includes ancient art, Muslim art of North and West Africa, the Christian art of East Africa, and the ritualistic art of these and other regions. Most
African sculpture was historically in wood and other natural materials that have not survived from earlier than, at most, a few centuries ago; older pottery figures can be found from a number of areas.
Masks are important elements in the art of many peoples, along with human figures, often highly stylized. There is a vast variety of styles, often varying within the same context of origin depending on the use of the object, but wide regional trends are apparent; sculpture is most common among "groups of settled cultivators in the areas drained by the
Niger and
Congo rivers" in
West Africa. Direct images of deities are relatively infrequent, but masks in particular are or were often made for religious ceremonies; today many are made for tourists as "airport art". Since the late 19th century there has been an increasing amount of
African art in Western collections, the finest pieces of which are now prominently displayed.
African mask art has had an important influence on European
Modernist art, which was inspired by their lack of concern for naturalistic depiction.
West African cultures developed bronze casting for reliefs, like the famous
Benin Bronzes, to decorate palaces and for highly
naturalistic royal heads from around the
Bini town of
Benin City, Edo State, in terracotta as well as metal, from the 12th–14th centuries.
Akan goldweights are a form of small metal sculptures produced over the period 1400–1900; some apparently represent
proverbs, contributing a narrative element rare in African sculpture; and royal regalia included impressive gold sculptured elements. Many West African figures are used in religious rituals and are often coated with materials placed on them for ceremonial offerings. The
Mande-speaking peoples of the same region make pieces from wood with broad, flat surfaces and arms and legs shaped like cylinders. In Central Africa, however, the main distinguishing characteristics include heart-shaped faces that are curved inward and display patterns of circles and dots.
Adherents of traditional religions in
Sub-Saharan Africa are distributed among 43 countries and are estimated to number over 100 million. Although the majority of Africans are adherents of
Christianity or
Islam, African people often combine the practice of their traditional belief with the practice of Abrahamic religions. The two Abrahamic religions are widespread across Africa, though mostly concentrated in different areas. They have replaced indigenous African religions, but are often adapted to African cultural contexts and belief systems.
West and Central African religious practices generally manifest themselves in communal ceremonies or divinatory rites in which members of the community, overcome by force (or ashe, nyama, etc.), are excited to the point of going into meditative trance in response to rhythmic or driving drumming or singing. One religious ceremony practiced in
Gabon and
Cameroon is the
Okuyi, practiced by several
Bantu ethnic groups. In this state, depending upon the region, drumming or instrumental rhythms played by respected musicians (each of which is unique to a given deity or ancestor), participants embody a deity or ancestor, energy or state of mind by performing distinct ritual movements or dances which further enhance their elevated consciousness.
When this trance-like state is witnessed and understood, adherents are privy to a way of contemplating the pure or symbolic embodiment of a particular mindset or frame of reference. This builds skills at separating the feelings elicited by this mindset from their situational manifestations in daily life. Such separation and subsequent contemplation of the nature and sources of pure energy or feelings serves to help participants manage and accept them when they arise in mundane contexts. This facilitates better control and transformation of these energies into positive, culturally appropriate behavior, thought, and speech. Also, this practice can also give rise to those in these trances uttering words which, when interpreted by a culturally educated initiate or diviner, can provide insight into appropriate directions which the community (or individual) might take in accomplishing its goal.
Vodouists believe in a distant and unknowable
Supreme Creator, Bondye (derived from the French term Bon Dieu, meaning "good
God"). According to Vodouists, Bondye does not intercede in human affairs, and thus they direct their worship toward spirits subservient to Bondye, called
loa. Every loa is responsible for a particular aspect of life, with the dynamic and changing personalities of each loa reflecting the many possibilities inherent to the aspects of life over which they preside. To navigate daily life, vodouists cultivate personal relationships with the loa through the presentation of offerings, the creation of personal altars and devotional objects, and participation in elaborate ceremonies of music, dance, and
spirit possession.
Vodou originated in what is now
Benin Republic and developed in the
French colonial empire in the 18th century among West African peoples who were enslaved, when African religious practice was actively suppressed, and enslaved Africans were
forced to convert to
Christianity. Religious practices of contemporary Vodou are descended from, and closely related to,
West African Vodun as practiced by the
Fon and
Ewe. Vodou also incorporates elements and symbolism from other African peoples including the
Yoruba and
Kongo; as well as
Taíno religious beliefs,
Roman Catholicism, and European spirituality including
mysticism and other influences.
Portal:Pan-Africanism/Selected culture/5 African-American culture, also known as Black American culture, refers to the contributions of
African Americans to the
culture of the United States, either as part of or distinct from mainstream American culture. The distinct identity of African-American culture is rooted in the historical experience of the African-American people, including the
Middle Passage. The culture is both distinct and enormously influential on American and global worldwide culture as a whole.
African-American culture is primarily rooted in
West and
Central Africa. Understanding its identity within the
culture of the United States it is, in the anthropological sense, conscious of its origins as largely a blend of West and Central African cultures. Although slavery greatly restricted the ability of African Americans to practice their original cultural traditions, many practices, values and beliefs survived, and over time have modified and/or blended with
European cultures and other cultures such as that of
Native Americans. African-American identity was established during the
slavery period, producing a dynamic culture that has had and continues to have a profound impact on American culture as a whole, as well as that of the broader world.
Elaborate rituals and ceremonies were a significant part of African Americans' ancestral culture. Many West African societies traditionally believed that spirits dwelled in their surrounding nature. From this disposition, they treated their environment with mindful care. They also generally believed that a spiritual life source existed after death, and that ancestors in this spiritual realm could then mediate between the supreme creator and the living. Honor and prayer was displayed to these "ancient ones", the spirit of those past. West Africans also believed in spiritual possession.
As a collection of
settlernations, the contemporary Caribbean has been shaped by waves of migration that have combined to form a unique blend of customs,
cuisine, and traditions that have marked the socio-cultural development of the area.