From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The use of firearms by police forces varies widely across the world, in part due to differences in gun use policy, civilian firearm laws, and recording of police activity. Police forces may require that officers use warning shots before aiming on-target, officers may need to make verbal warnings before using their firearms, and officers may be prohibited from carrying weapons while performing tasks such as highway patrol where gun use is not expected.

Police with firearms in Australia
Countries with unarmed police officers

Unarmed police forces

In nineteen countries or territories, the police do not carry firearms unless the situation is expected to merit it: Bhutan, Botswana, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Iceland, Ireland, Kiribati, Malawi, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Norway, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, the United Kingdom (except for Northern Ireland), the U.S. Virgin Islands and Vanuatu. These countries exhibit gun-homicide rates markedly lower on average than countries with armed police forces. Their police forces commonly adopt a philosophy of policing by consent. [1] [2]

A survey conducted in Great Britain in 2004 found that 47% of citizens supported arming all police while 48% were opposed to the idea. [3]

Australia

Police in Australia carry firearms which are personally issued to them. The Australian police forces are monitored by the Australian Institute of Criminology, which has recorded police shooting deaths since 1989. All fatal police shootings are subject to a mandatory coronial inquest. [4] A 2013 review by the Australian Institute of Criminology found that 42% of victims of fatal police shootings had a mental illness. [5] A more recent history of deaths by police shootings is tabulated below.

2000/1 2001/2 2002/3 2003/4 2004/5 2005/6 2006/7 2007/8 2008/9
People killed 1 3 2 5 7 6 3 3 3 5
2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17
People killed 1 3 6 4 1 3 10 5 4
1. ^ Data provided by the Australian Institute of Criminology [6]

Austria

Police in Austria usually carry firearms, including Glock pistols. They are monitored by the Austrian Interior Ministry. Since 2006 the records of police firearm use have been expanded to show whether or not a round was targeted at people.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Rounds discharged 133 105 172 177 143 121 147 107 120 111 74 81
Rounds targeted at people - - - - - - 9 6 6 7 4 4
Minor injuries 1 1 - 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Major injuries 6 3 - 1 14 4 3 5 6 5 3 3 1
People killed 0 0 0 0 X 1 X X X X X X
1. ^ 10 injuries, severity not specified.

Data reported on by Heute [7]

Czech Republic

All uniformed police officers belonging to the Police of the Czech Republic (PČR) and all Municipal police departments usually carry firearms. Most officers are equipped with CZ 75D Compact pistols. The use of firearms by police officers belonging to the PČR is regulated by the Act no. 273/2008 Sb. (Act on the Police of the Czech Republic), which defines the ways an officer can use his service weapon and states that a police officer of the PČR is not a subject to the Act no. 119/2002 Sb. (Act on Firearms and ammunition) and as such doesn't have to possess a weapons licence.

The use by officers belonging to a municipal police department is regulated by the Act no. 119/2002 Sb. therefore they need to possess the appropriate weapons licence. The use is further regulated by the Act no. 553/1991 Sb. (Act on the Municipal Police), which gives officers more rights regarding the use of a firearm, such as the right to open carry.

The regulation for the Municipal Police is generally more strict than the regulation for PČR and doesn't give municipal police officers the same rights as PČR officers.

Table below only includes the statistics for PČR officers and doesn't include municipal police departments.

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Threat by a pointed weapon - - 945 812 1126 982 1079 824 1
Warning shots - - 70 54 37 60 77 40 1
Total shots fired for effect 28 30 29 29 26 27 26 19 1
Of which at a person: 5 2 3 8 1 3 2 - -
a vehicle: 16 18 18 12 11 13 2 - -
an animal: 7 10 8 9 14 5 2 - -
1. ^ Data until 31st of August
2. ^ Data until 13th of November

Data reported on by the Police of the Czech Republic [8] [9]

Denmark

Since 1965, all Danish police officers have carried firearms when performing their duties. Danish police used Walther PPK 7.65 mm as the standard pistol until 2000, and then the Heckler & Koch USP 9 mm was introduced. In 2008 police began to carry pepper spray in addition to their firearm. Further, all officers are trained in the use of Heckler & Koch MP5, which is issued on special assignments or severe incidents.

Additionally, every police district have specially trained "Reaktionspatruljer" deployed round the clock, carrying the 5.56 × 45 mm NATO GV M/10. [10] [11]

The appropriate use of firearms is described in the Act on Police Activities regulations, section 16 and 17 is translated into English in. [12]

  • 16.
    • (1) The police may use force only if necessary and justified and only by such means and to such extent as are reasonable relative to the interest which the police seek to protect. Any assessment of the justifiability of such force must also take into account whether the use of force involves any risk of bodily harm to third parties.
    • (2) Force must be used as considerately as possible under the circumstances and so as to minimise any bodily harm.
  • 17.
    • (1) Firearms may only be used:
      • (i) to avert an on-going or imminent dangerous assault on a person;
      • (ii) to avert other imminent danger to the lives of persons or of such persons incurring grievous bodily harm [...]
      • (iv) to secure the apprehension of persons who have or are suspected on reasonable grounds of having commenced or committed a dangerous assault on another person unless the risk that such persons will commit another such assault is deemed not to exist;
    • (2) Before the police fire shots involving a risk of harm to a person, the person must be informed in so far as possible, first by shouted warnings and then by warning shots, that the police intend to fire if police orders are not observed. It must also be ensured, in so far as possible, that the person is able to observe the order.
    • (3) In case of an obvious risk of hitting third parties, shots may only be fired as a last resort [...]
    • (5) If police shooting has caused harm to a person, the person must immediately be examined by a doctor.

In Denmark the police use of weapons is recorded by the police department. The police department classifies tear gas as the use of a firearm. In 2006 the death of four people by police shootings prompted an investigation into the use of firearms by the Danish police force from 1996 to 2006. The investigation found no significant trends of increased firearms use by the police. [12]

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Cases of firearm use 222 276 196 216 234 242 269 305 269 243 253
Reports of shots fired 1 15 18 7 10 11 22 17 10 18 15 20
Reports of shots aimed at civilians 2 7 7 4 5 3 12 7 3 4 2 11
People hit 7 3 4 3 3 7 5 3 3 2 11
People wounded 6 3 4 3 3 4 3 2 3 2 7
People killed 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 4
1. ^ Includes warning shots and tear gas fired.
2. ^ Includes shots aimed at vehicle tyres.

More recent figures have been published separately in a different format. [13]

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Cases of firearm use 361 305 277 260 323 315
Rounds discharged 32 39 86 49 58 53
Warning shots 11 6 49 6 12 17

Finland

Police in Finland have access to weapons including a Glock 17, Heckler & Koch MP5, Taser and pepper spray. The use of firearms is recorded by the Police College and the Finnish ministry of the Interior.

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Incidents firearms were used 39 26 36 27 41 44 32 40 34 39 27
Firearm was threatened 31 23 25 20 28 39 30 32 24 33 19
Rounds fired 10 3 11 7 9 5 3 13 48 7 6
Warning shots 10 3 7 4 3 3 2 5 1 0 2
People killed 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
People wounded 0 0 3 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 4

Data reported on by YLE uutiset [14]

France

In France the police carry firearms, however, there is no official record of how frequently firearms are used. [15] An independent group A Toutes Les Victimes has tracked the number of deaths and injuries by police which have been published in the media since 2005. In 2021 the National Assembly passed Article 25, allowing French police officers to carry service firearms while off-duty, though their use remains strictly limited to defense of self and others. [16]

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Number of deaths 1 6 10 19 11 6 9 10 14
Number of injuries 1 3 7 2 7 5 4 0 4
1 ^ Unofficial data from the A Toutes Les Victimes census [17]

Germany

German police forces usually carry firearms. Police firearm statistics dating back to 1984 are available, [18] a summary of recent years is tabulated below.

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Warning shots 59 49 54 41 65 48 32 61 49 44 49 60 48
Firearm use on objects 10 30 14 17 22 13 28 8 19 29 35 28 26
Firearm use on people 37 36 36 42 46 40 52 75 56 64 75 51 60
Injuries 23 15 20 20 31 22 28 39 34 30 41 31 41
Deaths 8 6 8 8 7 10 11 14 11 15 15 8 11

Iceland

Icelandic police do not regularly carry firearms. In 2013 the first fatal police shooting took place where one man was killed. As of October 2019 this remains the only fatal police shooting since Iceland became an independent republic in 1944. [19]

Ireland

Main article: Police use of fireams in the Republic of Ireland

The strength of the Garda Síochána (national police) is approximately 15,000 officers, most of whom are unarmed; approximately 4,000 are authorised to carry firearms.

The majority of armed Gardaí (officers) consist of ordinary detectives (routinely armed with handguns for personal protection) or belong to specialist regional Armed Support Units. An elite national Emergency Response Unit exists that is trained in hostage rescue tactics.

Fatal shootings by Gardaí are rare and individual statistics for same are not published.[ citation needed]

Jamaica

The Jamaica Constabulary Force's (JCF) use of lethal force has been monitored by Amnesty International. From 1983 to 2000 the Jamaican police force has been reported to kill between 121 and 355 people each year with an average of 171 deaths. [20] A subsequent report by Amnesty USA shows that from 1998 to 2015 between 101 and 307 people were killed each year with an average of 192 deaths. [21] In 2010, the Independent Commission of Investigations (INDECOM) was established as an independent oversight body to tackle the frequent use of lethal force by members of the Security Forces, which has made progress towards reducing the problem. [22] A summary of recent years is tabulated below:

Jamaica's Security Force shooting fatalities 2011–2017
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
210 219 258 115 101 111 168

Japan

Uniformed officers carry firearms, typically the New Nambu M60 revolver while on duty only. Security Police and Special Assault Team carry semi-automatic pistols and heavier submachine guns and rifles depending on the situation.

Netherlands

Law enforcement in the Netherlands usually carry firearms. In every incident where a firearm round is shot and/or hits a person there is an investigation conducted to determine if the use of a firearm was justified. The results of the investigations are made publicly available; the cases for each year are tabulated.

Data from firearms use investigations [23] [24] [25]
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 (first half)
Number of incidents 30 33 33 24 30 25 23 34 23 27 16 22 21 8
People wounded 29 31 31 19 29 24 27 33 20 26 12 18 25 7
People killed 0 2 2 5 5 3 3 4 3 3 4 5 2 1

New Zealand

The New Zealand Police do not usually carry firearms. Under normal circumstances, police in New Zealand carry pepper spray, batons, and Tasers, though all are trained with the Glock 17 pistol and Bushmaster M4 semi-automatic rifle. These firearms are carried in all frontline police vehicles and are available for use should a situation require it. There are times when due to a credible threat, New Zealand's 12 district police commanders have the authority to arm all of their frontline officers. [26] After the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings all frontline police officers throughout the country were instructed by the Police Commissioner to carry guns while on duty. [27]

In October 2019, New Zealand's Police Commissioner announced a six-month trial of Armed Response Teams (ARTs) in three Police districts. The ARTs are specialist armed police personnel who are part of the Armed Offenders Squad. The teams are a minimum of three, in specialised vehicles equipped with tactical options and operate seven days a week. [28]

When force is used (excluding handcuffs) a tactical operations report is filed. Use of tactical options is published by the police force. [29]

A summary of tactical options used in 2010–2014 was published in 2015. In 33,198 events over the four-year period, firearms were drawn 1,422 times, resulting in 5 injuries. [30] Tactical operations resulting in fatalities are not recorded in the database.

In 2020, seven firearm discharges occurred in five incidents, three resulted in fatal injuries, one in non-fatal injuries, and one missed the subject. [31]

Since 1916, New Zealand Police have used lethal force 40 times.

Norway

The Norwegian Police Service (NPS) only carry firearms in response to specific situations, keeping their Heckler & Koch MP5s and Heckler & Koch P30s locked in the patrol cars. The use of firearms is recorded by the police station which publishes detailed statistics on the annual use of firearms. The information presented in the 2014 report is detailed in the table below. [32] [33]

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Firearm use threatened 70 72 67 52 75 65 55 58 75 66 58 58 42 53 80 125 127 85 107 79
Rounds discharged 1 1 5 3 3 0 2 3 6 1 3 3 2 5 3 4 6 13 11 6
Total 71 73 72 55 78 65 57 61 81 67 61 61 44 58 83 129 133 98 118 85
People killed 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 2
People wounded 1 - 5 1 1 0 1 2 4 1 0 2 0 2 1 2 3 5 3 0
Incidents of armed police - - - 2 666 - - 2 170 2 358 - 2 711 - - 2 954 8121 8732 9923 10058 8518

Russia

Generally, Russian police forces carry firearms and are armed with pistols at a minimum. There is no consistent recording of firearms use across the country.

Use of firearms can only be lawful where it is necessary to confront an imminent threat of death or serious injury or a grave and proximate threat to life. Since 2011 the Investigative Committee is responsible for the investigation of alleged unlawful use of police force.

South Africa

The South African Police Service is monitored by the Independent Police Investigative Directorate (IPID) which releases an annual report on the performance indicators of police activity. The IPID publishes deaths as a results of police action and deaths in police custody. Use of firearms forms the majority of the killings by police; shootings by police are all classified under deaths as a result of police action.

2012/13 [34] 2013/14 [35] 2014/15 [36] 2015/16 [37] 2016/17 2017/18 [38] 2018/19 [39]
Firearm related incidents of death 1 342 317 322 299 - - -
Firearm related deaths 1 - 336 - - - - -
Total incidents of death as a result of police action 431 390 396 366 394 436 387
Total deaths as a result of police action 485 409 423 400 467 558 440
  1. ^ Includes all categories of deaths as a result of police action with labels "Shot with service firearm", "Shot with police firearm" and "Negligent handling of a firearm leading to death". Excludes suicides.

Sweden

Officers of the Swedish Police Authority usually carry firearms when on duty. The standard weapon issued to officers is the SIG Sauer P226. The police authority report that normally police will threaten to use their weapon but do not discharge it; this happens about 200 times per year. In a typical year the police shoot 20 warning shots aimed at people or vehicles. [40] An investigation reviewing the use of weapons by police details the firearm use from 2003 to 2014. [41]

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Incidents involving shots to wound/kill 11 16 9 8 10 20 11 13 29 17 13 25
Incidents involving warning shots 9 15 9 3 12 16 11 8 32 14 16 14

Only the most serious use of violence is counted, if an incident involves both warning shots and shots for effect it is only counted in the shots for effect section.

United Kingdom

Main article: Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom

Police forces in the United Kingdom are managed by different bodies and thus have different standards for firearms usage. Police in Northern Ireland regularly carry firearms whereas the police in Great Britain generally do not.

England and Wales

The police in England and Wales do not routinely carry firearms. A 2006 poll of 47,328 members of the Police Federation of England and Wales found that 82% do not want officers to be routinely armed while on duty. [3] The UK Home Office reports annual statistics on the use of firearms by police forces. The use of firearms is recorded by the police department which publishes detailed statistics on the annual use of firearms dating back to 2003. One report published figures for 2003–2013; [42] later years are published individually. [43] While the Home Office monitors the use of police equipment, the Independent Police Complaints Commission monitored the fatalities of people due to police contact up to 2016.

2003/4 2004/5 2005/6 2006/7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16
Operations involving armed police 1 16,657 15,981 18,891 18,005 19,595 16,456 14,218 13,496 12,550 10,996 14,939 14,685 14,753
Operations involving armed response vehicles 1 13,218 13,137 14,355 14,527 14,972 19,928 17,068 16,774 14,261 13,116 12,135 12,287 12,471
Authorised firearms officers 1 6,096 6,243 6,584 6,728 6,780 6,906 6,979 6,653 6,756 6,091 5,864 5,647 5,639
Incidents where firearms were discharged 1 4 5 9 3 7 5 6 4 5 3 4 6 7
Incidents of fatalities 2 - 3 5 1 4 3 2 2 2 0 0 1 3
People killed 2 - 3 5 1 5 3 2 2 2 0 0 1 3
  1. ^ Data provided by the UK Home Office.
  2. ^ Data provided by the Independent Police Complaints Commission [44]

In 2017 the Independent Police Complaints Commission was replaced with the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC). The IOPC publishes the use of firearms in a different format. Reported figures on fatal shootings by police are tabled below.

2016/17 2017/18 2018/19
Operations involving armed police 1 15,783 18,781 20,186
Operations involving armed response vehicles 1 13,188 15,838 17,742
Authorised firearms officers 1 6,278 6,459 6,653
Incidents where firearms were discharged 1 6 8 13
Fatal shootings by police 2 6 2 3
  1. ^ Data provided by the UK Home Office.
  2. ^ Data provided by the Independent Office for Police Conduct [45]

Northern Ireland

The Police Service of Northern Ireland publish an annual report on the police use of force which lists the frequency that firearms were drawn and fired. However, this report does not list the injuries or deaths resulting from firearms use.

2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19
Firearm drawn or pointed 302 360 364 419 265 358 431 499 520
Firearm discharged 3 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0

Data published by the Police Service of Northern Ireland. [46]

Scotland

The Police Investigation & Review Commissioner publishes an annual report on assessments of complaints and investigations carried out.

2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19
Assessments of police firearms incidents 1 21 41 46 66
Investigations of serious injuries following police contact 2 3 5 8 13
Investigations of deaths following police contact 2 12 19 4 11
  1. ^ Conventional firearms only.
  2. ^ Deaths and injuries arising from firearms and other police contact.

Data published by the Police Investigation & Review Commissioner. [47]

United States

Main article: Police use of firearms in the United States

Generally, all law enforcement officers in the United States carry firearms and are armed with pistols at a minimum. There is no consistent recording of firearms use across all states; some bodies, such as the New York Police Department (NYPD), report on firearms discharge. In 2015 NYPD reported a record low of eight deaths as well as fifteen injuries caused by police firearms discharge. [48]

The Federal Bureau of Investigation publish the number of "justified" homicides by law enforcement.

In response to the lack of published data, the organization Campaign Zero launched Mapping Police Violence to collect comprehensive data on people killed by police in the United States. Similarly, the British newspaper The Guardian launched "The Counted" – a program to record the number of fatal police shootings throughout the United States. The Guardian reports that 1,146 people were killed in 2015 and 1,093 people in 2016.

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Justifiable homicide 1 396 401 423 467 450 452 439 443 410
Number of deaths 2 - - - - - 1,146 1,093 - -
Number of deaths 3 - - - - - 995 963 987 998
Number of deaths 4 - - - 1,079 1,131 1,187 1,129 1,146 1,165
  1. ^ Justifiable homicides recorded by the FBI [49] [50] [51] [52]
  2. ^ Mapping Police Violence. Unofficial figures based on media reports [53]
  3. ^ The Counted. Unofficial figures based on media reports [54]
  4. ^ Fatal Force. Unofficial figures based on media reports [55] [56] [57] [58]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kara Fox, CNN Graphics by Henrik Pettersson (19 July 2017). "How US gun culture compares with the world". CNN. Retrieved 2020-12-05. {{ cite web}}: |author= has generic name ( help)
  2. ^ "What the U.S Can Learn from Countries Where Cops Are Unarmed". Time. Retrieved 2020-12-05. While the 19 nations in the world that do not arm officers vary greatly in their approach to policing, they share a common thread. "What we can identify in these countries is that people have a tradition—and an expectation—that officers will police by consent rather than with the threat of force," says Guðmundur Ævar Oddsson, associate professor of sociology at Iceland's University of Akureyri who specializes in class inequality and forms of social control such as policing.
  3. ^ a b "Why British police don't have guns". BBC News. 19 September 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  4. ^ Victoria. Parliament. Law Reform Committee (2006-09-06). Coroners Act 1985: Final report (PDF) (Report). p. 233. ISBN  0-9757984-1-3. Retrieved 2019-07-24.
  5. ^ "Research in Practice: Police shootings of people with a mental illness" (PDF). Australian Institute of Criminology. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  6. ^ "Police custody and custody-related operations". Australian Institute of Criminology. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  7. ^ "Polizei gab im Vorjahr 81 Schüsse ab - nur 4 trafen". Heute. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  8. ^ "Statistiky použití zbraně - Policie České republiky (2019)". www.policie.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 2022-06-13.
  9. ^ "Statistika použití zbraně - Policie České republiky (2020)". www.policie.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 2022-06-13.
  10. ^ "Fleet Upgrades Licensed Programs & Custom Builds - Colt Canada".
  11. ^ "Analysis of the Police Shooting Training" (PDF). Danish Broadcasting Corporation (in Danish). August 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  12. ^ a b "The use of police firearms in Denmark" (PDF). Politiet. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  13. ^ "Politiets brug af magtmidler i 2014" (PDF). Politiet. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  14. ^ "Poliisin aseenkäyttö johtaa harvoin kuolemaan". YLE uutiset. 15 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  15. ^ "En France, le grand flou des violences policières En savoir plus sur". Le Monde.fr. Le Monde. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  16. ^ "France's Senate approves the right of police to carry weapons off duty". France24.com. France 24. 20 March 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  17. ^ "Recensement de personnes tuées par la police ou à cause de son action : 2005-2016". A Toutes Les Victimes. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  18. ^ "Offizielle Statistik zu Polizeischüssen". CILIP Institut und Zeitschrift | Institut für Bürgerrechte & öffentliche Sicherheit e.V. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  19. ^ "Iceland grieves after police shoot and kill a man for the first time in its history". Amnesty International. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  20. ^ "Jamaica: killings and violence by police: how many more victims". Amnesty International. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  21. ^ "Waiting in vain; Jamaica: unlawful police killings and relatives' long struggle for justice" (PDF). Amnesty International. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  22. ^ "Jamaica police commit 'hundreds of unlawful killings' yearly, Amnesty says". The Guardian. 23 November 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  23. ^ "Politie schiet drie keer deze week, wat zijn de richtlijnen?". NOS. 17 March 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  24. ^ Veiligheid, Ministerie van Justitie en (2020-05-11). "Cijfers schietincidenten - Geweldsincidenten door de politie - Openbaar Ministerie". www.om.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  25. ^ Veiligheid, Ministerie van Justitie en (2022-08-09). "Cijfers schietincidenten eerste helft 2022 - Nieuwsbericht - Openbaar Ministerie". www.om.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  26. ^ "How often are New Zealand police routinely armed?". Stuff.co.nz. 3 March 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  27. ^ "Police officers in every part of New Zealand will continue to carry guns". Stuff.co.nz. 25 March 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  28. ^ "Police to pilot Armed Response Teams". New Zealand Police. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  29. ^ "Tactical Options Research Reports". New Zealand Police Response and Operations: Research and Evaluation. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  30. ^ "TASER/Tactical Options Reporting (TOR) data from 22 March 2010 to 31 December 20141" (PDF). New Zealand Police Response and Operations: Research and Evaluation. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  31. ^ "Tactical Options 2020 Annual Report" (PDF). New Zealand Police. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  32. ^ "POLITIETS TRUSSEL OM BRUK AV SKYTEVÅPEN ELLER BRUK AV SKYTEVÅPEN 2002–2014" (PDF). Politiet. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  33. ^ "POLITIETS TRUSSEL OM BRUK AV SKYTEVÅPEN OG BRUK AV SKYTEVÅPEN 2009–2021" (PDF). 11 March 2021.
  34. ^ "Independent Police Investigative Directorate Annual Report 2012/13" (PDF). Independent Police Investigative Directorate.
  35. ^ "Independent Police Investigative Directorate Annual Report 2013-2014" (PDF). Independent Police Investigative Directorate.
  36. ^ "Independent Police Investigative Directorate Annual Report 2014-2015" (PDF). Independent Police Investigative Directorate.
  37. ^ "Independent Police Investigative Directorate Annual Report 2015/2016 Financial Year" (PDF). Independent Police Investigative Directorate.
  38. ^ "Independent Police Investigative Directorate Annual Report 2017/2018 Financial Year" (PDF). Independent Police Investigative Directorate.
  39. ^ "Independent Police Investigative Directorate Annual Report 2018/2019 Financial Year" (PDF). Independent Police Investigative Directorate.
  40. ^ "Hur ofta använder polisen skjutvapen?". Polisen. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  41. ^ "Polisens användning av skjutvapen och eventuella behov av åtgärder" (PDF). Polismyndigheten. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  42. ^ "Statistics on police use of firearms in England and Wales 2012-13" (PDF). UK Home Office. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  43. ^ "Police use of firearms statistics". UK Home Office. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  44. ^ "Deaths during or following police contact". Independent Police Complaints Commission. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  45. ^ "Deaths during or following police contact". Independent Office for Police Conduct. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  46. ^ "Statistics on Police Use of Force". Police Service of Northern Ireland. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  47. ^ "Commissioner's annual report". Police Investigation & Review Commissioner. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  48. ^ "Annual firearms discharge report" (PDF). New York Police Department. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  49. ^ "Expanded Homicide Data Table 14 Justifiable Homicide by Weapon, Law Enforcement, 2010-2014". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  50. ^ "Expanded Homicide Data Table 14 Justifiable Homicide by Weapon, Law Enforcement, 2011-2015". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  51. ^ "Expanded Homicide Data Table 14 Justifiable Homicide by Weapon, Law Enforcement, 2013-2017". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  52. ^ "Expanded Homicide Data Table 14 Justifiable Homicide by Weapon, Law Enforcement, 2013-2017". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  53. ^ "Mapping Police Violence". Campaign Zero. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  54. ^ "The Counted: People killed by police in the US". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  55. ^ "Police shootings 2015". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  56. ^ "Police shootings 2016". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  57. ^ "Police shootings 2017". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  58. ^ "Police shootings 2018". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
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