In 2006, van der Horst became embroiled in a controversy over his
retirement lecture, "The
Myth of
Jewish Cannibalism," which traced the development of this
antisemitic theme from the
Hellenistic period through the
Middle Ages to
Nazism. He planned to conclude by examining the resurgence of the
cannibalism myth in contemporary
Islamicmedia, including
cartoons,
television programs, and
sermons, particularly in
Iran,
Syria, and
Palestine. The text of the lecture was reviewed in advance by Utrecht University administrators. According to van der Horst, he was asked by the
dean of faculty[6] to delete the passage on what he prefers to call "Islamic Jew hatred."[7] She found the contemporary portions of the lecture to be "
pamphlet-like" and "unscientific."[8] When he declined to edit, the dean referred the matter to the rector magnificus Willem Hendrik Gispen, the university's chief administrator. Van der Horst was then asked to appear before a committee composed of the rector, two deans of faculty, and
Bas de Gaay Fortman, who holds Utrecht's unique
chair of
Political Economy of
Human Rights. The administration, while not disputing van der Horst's reconstruction of the chain of events, has maintained that he misunderstood the content of that meeting.[9] Van der Horst says that he was given three reasons for editing his lecture:
They claimed it was too dangerous to give the complete lecture because it might trigger violent reactions from 'well-organized
Muslim student groups' for which the rector could not take any responsibility. The committee also said it feared my speech would thwart efforts at bridge-building between Muslims and non-Muslims at the university. Finally, they claimed my lecture was far below the university's scholarly standards.[7]
Van der Horst said that he was given 24 hours to edit the lecture, and left the meeting "in a state of total confusion." In a
guest column for The Wall Street Journal, he wrote that he had decided, with no independent means to verify any potential risk to himself or others, to proceed with an expurgated version. Because of the challenge to his academic reputation, he said, he also asked several colleagues, including three professors of
Islamic Studies he left unnamed, to review his work from a scholarly perspective. According to van der Horst, none found weakness in the scholarship, nor any statements offensive to
Islam,
Muhammad, or the
Qur'an.[7]
Van der Horst delivered his "castrated"[7] valedictory speech 16 June 2006.
Media reaction
The next day, the incident began to receive Dutch
media coverage. The deleted passages were published by the daily
newspaperTrouw,[4] which had been contacted by van der Horst's fellow professors. These included passages that van der Horst himself identified as "
polemic" involving the connection between German
fascism and "Islamic vilification of Jews" in the contemporary
Middle East, with statements such as "the
Islamisation of European antisemitism is one of the most frightening developments of the past decades."[10]
On 22 June rector magnificus Gispen responded to the controversy in an interview with NRC Handelsblad, another Dutch daily. Gispen maintained that neither "
Islamophobia" nor
censorship was at issue, but rather the quality of van der Horst's work. He attributed van der Horst's response to resentment over having to retire and the "
marginalization" of his
academic department.[9]
Van der Horst's Wall Street Journal column was published on 30 June. In it, he asserted that despite the publication of the unexpurgated version of his lecture in multiple media outlets, he "did not receive a single negative, let alone threatening, Muslim reaction," though some had criticized him for overgeneralization.[7]
The incident has been compared to Utrecht University's handling of accusations against
Peter Debye, the
Nobel laureate after whom the university's Institute of Physics & Chemistry had been named. Debye's name was removed following allegations that he had collaborated with the Nazis while director of the
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in
Berlin during the 1930s.[11] Gispen himself acknowledged that his position toward van der Horst's lecture had been influenced by the Debye controversy.[9]
Dutch media covered the controversy through news stories and in
editorials; the positions of both the rector and van der Horst received support.[12] French media are alleged to have underreported the incident, but French commentator
Paul Landau stated strongly that in his opinion it "illustrated the level of '
dhimmitude' elite universities in many European countries have come to today. … Wake up,
Erasmus, they've become fools."[13]
Van der Horst went on to publish "The Myth of Jewish Cannibalism: A Chapter in the History of Antisemitism" in Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities (English Series), vol. 8 (2008). He traces the origin of the belief — that Jews murder a non-Jew each year to ritually consume the entrails and blood — to
Apion, a 1st-century
Alexandrian scholar who constructed the myth as a conflict between the civilizing
Egyptian deityIsis and the
god of the Jews.[14]
Selected works
In addition to numerous articles, van der Horst has published, edited or contributed to the following books:
Jews and Christians in
Aphrodisias in the Light of Their Relations in Other Cities of
Asia Minor. Theologische Faculteiten der Rijksuniversiteiten, 1989.
Studies on the
Testament of Job. With Michael A. Knibb. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Studies on the Hellenistic Background of the New Testament. With
Gerard Mussies. Faculteit der Godgeleerdheid, Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, 1990.
Essays on the Jewish World of Early Christianity. Universitätsverlag Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1990.
Ancient Jewish
Epitaphs: An Introductory Survey of a Millennium of Jewish Funerary
Epigraphy (300 BCE-700 CE). Peeters Publishers, 1991. Limited preview
online.
"Jewish Poetical Tomb Inscriptions." In Studies in Early Jewish Epigraphy. Editor with J. W. van Henten. Brill, 1994. Limited preview
online.
The
Birkat Ha-minim in Recent Research. T. & T. Clark, 1994.
Aspects of Religious Contact and Conflict in the Ancient World. Faculteit der Godgeleerdheid Universiteit Utrecht, 1995.
Polyhistor: Studies in the History and
Historiography of Ancient Philosophy: Presented to
Jaap Mansfeld on His Sixtieth Birthday. Editor with Keimpe A. Algra and David T. Runia. Brill, 1996. Essays from twenty-two contributors. Limited preview
online.
Hellenism Judaism Christianity: Essays on Their Interaction. Peeters Press, 1998. Limited preview
online.
Prayers from the Ancient World:
Greco-Roman, Jewish, and Christian Prayers. With Gregory E. Sterling. University of Notre Dame Press, 2000. Sixty Greco-Roman, Jewish, and early Christian prayers spanning 700 BC to AD 500.
"Anti-
Samaritan Propaganda in Early Judaism." In Persuasion and Dissuasion in Early Christianity, Ancient Judaism, and Hellenism. Editor with Maarten J. J. Menken, Joop F. M. Smit, Geert Van Oyen. Peeters Publishers, 2003. Limited preview
online.
Philo's
Flaccus: The First
Pogrom. Introduction, translation, and commentary. Brill, 2003. Limited preview
online.
Jews and Christians in Their Graeco-Roman Context. Mohr Siebeck, 2006. Limited preview
online.
“Jewish Cannibalism: The History of an Antisemitic Myth”.
Telos 144 (Fall 2008). New York: Telos Press.
Early Jewish Prayers in Greek: A Commentary. With Judith H Newman. Walter De Gruyter, 2008. Text, translation, and commentary for twelve Jewish prayers composed by Greek-speaking communities.
Van der Horst was honored with the publication of Empsychoi
Logoi: Religious Innovations in Antiquity. Studies in Honour of Pieter Willem van der Horst (Leiden: Brill, 2008), as part of the series Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity. The volume was edited by Alberdina Houtman, Albert de Jong, and Magda Misset-van de Weg.
References
^Biographical note, NIAS Newsletter 37, Fall 2006, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences, p. 34
online.Archived 2008-09-07 at the
Wayback Machine
^Pieter Willem van der Horst, Jews and Christians in Their Graeco-Roman Context (Mohr Siebeck, 2006), author's note, p. iv
online.
^
abManfred Gerstenfeld, "Utrecht University: The Myth of Jewish Cannibalism, Censorship, and Fear of Muslim Intimidation," Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, September 2008,
online.Archived 2010-06-14 at the
Wayback Machine
^Jannetje Koelewijn, "'Ik ben niet bang en van censuur is geen sprake': Rector magnificus Gispen over zijn ingrijpen bij afscheidsrede," NRC Handelsblad, 22 June 2006, English via
Google Translate.
^Van der Horst, "Tying Down Academic Freedom"; Gerstenfeld, "Utrecht University," where a sample passage involving
Mohammad Amin al-Husayni is reprinted.
^Carine Cassuto, "Academic Censorship in the Netherlands", stating that the charges against Debye were untrue and evidence of academic censorship; Gerstenfeld, "Utrecht University," with the view that the actions against Debye were justified by his Nazi connections. See extensive treatment of the subject at
Peter Debye: War activities and controversies.
^"L’affaire Van Der Horst illustre à mon avis le niveau de dhimmitude auquel sont parvenues les élites universitaires dans de nombreux pays d’Europe aujourd’hui. … Erasme, réveille-toi, ils sont devenus fous." Paul Landau, "Retour sur l'affaire Van Der Horst:
Eurabia et la mise au pas des universités européennes," republished by
The Augean Stables, referring to the Dutch
humanist who was one of the leading figures of the
northern European Renaissance and the author of The Praise of Folly. Public comments also available at the site.
Gerstenfeld, Manfred. "Utrecht University: The Myth of Jewish Cannibalism, Censorship, and Fear of Muslim Intimidation." Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, September 2008,
online.Archived 2010-06-14 at the
Wayback Machine
Koelewijn, Jannetje. "'Ik ben niet bang en van censuur is geen sprake': Rector magnificus Gispen over zijn ingrijpen bij afscheidsrede." NRC Handelsblad, 22 June 2006. English via
Google Translate.