Phyllis Altman (25 September 1919 – 18 September 1999) was a trade unionist and anti- apartheid activist in South Africa. Altman was an employee of the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU). [1] She was also the general secretary of the International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF), [2] and a fiction writer. [3]
Biography
Phyllis Miriam Altman (née Sachs), was the daughter of Jewish Lithuanian immigrants Morris and Beile Sachs. [2] She attended Jeppe High School for Girls. [4] Altman, like other girls at her high school, sewed "for the poor Blacks" on Thursdays. [1] Altman attended the University of Witwatersrand on a loan from the Transvaal Education Department that stipulated she teach after graduation. [4] During her time at university, she took part in student demonstrations protesting the " Greyshirts and the bulldozing of Sophiatown." [4] She earned an undergraduate degree and then finished an Honours degree in History before spending a year at the Teachers' Training College in Johannesburg. [4] She was almost expelled from the Teachers' Training College because of her activism, but she graduated and spent three years teaching at "all White schools." [4] After teaching, she started working for the anti-fascist Springbok Legion. [1] In the Springbok Legion, she helped support ex-servicemen of color, [2] where she was able to see the "disastrous effects of the Apartheid system on African men." [1]
For three years, Altman and her husband Ray Altman, a South African trade unionist, lived in London. [4] In 1952, she published The Law of the Vultures. [4] [5] The book was based on her experience working with the Springbok Legion. [4] Not long after its publication and good critical reception internationally, a professor at the University of Witwatersrand called the book "subversive," which caused many booksellers to return copies of the book. [4]
Altman joined the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) in 1956 and quickly became very involved with the organization. [1] Altman was the only full-time paid employee of SACTU between 1956 and 1963, where she worked as Assistant General Secretary. [1] During this time, she kept in contact with South African unions and international unions, both. [6] Her distribution of materials to libraries and trade unions around the world enabled the preservation of primary materials relating to SACTU. [1] Altman represented SACTU at the Fourth Congress of the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) in 1957. [1] During government sweeps in 1960, resulting in people becoming "emergency detainees," Altman took refuge in Swaziland. [7] She was banned in 1964 under the Suppression of Communism Act which prevented her from teaching and working with the unions. [2] She left South Africa in 1964. [1] Altman still helped SACTU, remotely, operating with others out of London. [8]
When Solly Sachs left the International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF) in 1967, John Collins hired Altman to be in charge of administrative affairs. [9] Altman was the general secretary of what was known as Programme 1, which helped secretly channel funds to defence lawyers in South Africa. [10] She was very secretive about the system, using a secret code with her contacts and a system that was difficult to crack. [2] Altman was also able to successfully deflect attempts by South African spy Craig Williamson, to infiltrate IDAF. [10]
Altman also edited books for IDAF under the Kliptown Books name. [2] Collins died in 1982, and Altman stayed afterwards long enough to ensure that the reorganization was "firmly established," and then retired. [10]
Altman was also involved in a programme that educated " Rhodesian blacks interned in camps." [2] Half of the cabinet of Robert Mugabe had degrees they had earned with Altman's help. [2]
Altman's role in working with IDAF became known after the release of Nelson Mandela. [2] Altman died on 18 September 1999 in London. [2]
Bibliography
- The Law Of The Vultures (1952) [11]
- Come Back, Africa! Fourteen Short Stories from South Africa (1968) [12]
See also
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Luckhardt; Wall. "Organize... or Starve! - The History of the SACTU". South African Congress of Trade Unions. South African History Online. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Herbstein, Denis (24 September 1999). "Phyllis Altman". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
- ^ David Attwell; Derek Attridge (12 January 2012). The Cambridge History of South African Literature. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Phylllis Altman". South African History Online. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
- ^ Van der Vlies, Andrew (2016). "The Novel and Apartheid". In Gikandi, Simon (ed.). The Novel in Africa and the Caribbean Since 1950. Oxford University Press. p. 187. ISBN 9780199765096.
- ^ Sithole & Ndlovu 2006, p. 220.
- ^ Sithole & Ndlovu 2006, p. 211.
- ^ Sithole & Ndlovu 2006, p. 212.
- ^ Herbstein 2004, pp. 68–69.
- ^ a b c "The International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF)". South African History Online. 14 February 2013. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
- ^ ALTMAN, Phyllis (1 January 1954). The Law of the Vultures (4th printing ed.). Jonathan Cape.
- ^ "Come Back, Fourteen Short Stories from South Africa". Goodreads. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
Sources
- Herbstein, Denis (2004). White Lies: Canon Collins and the Secret War Against Apartheid. James Currey Publishers. ISBN 9780852558850.
- Sithole, Jabulani; Ndlovu, Sifiso (2006). "The Revival of the Labour Movement, 1970–1980". The Road to Democracy in South Africa. Vol. 2. University of South Africa, Pretoria. ISBN 1868884066.