From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Group of chemical compounds
Phorbol esters are a class of chemical compounds found in a variety of plants, particularly in the families
Euphorbiaceae and
Thymelaeaceae.
[1]
[2] Chemically, they are
ester
derivatives of the tetracyclic
diterpenoid
phorbol.
Biological activity
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a phorbol ester receptor.
[2]
[3] Phorbol esters can stimulate PKC in a similar way to
diglycerides.
[2]
[3]
Phorbol esters are known for their ability to
promote tumors.
[2] In particular,
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is used as a biomedical research tool in models of
carcinogenesis.
[4]
[5]
Plants that contain phorbol esters are often
poisonous.
[5]
References
-
^ Goel, G; Makkar, H. P.; Francis, G; Becker, K (2007). "Phorbol esters: Structure, biological activity, and toxicity in animals". International Journal of Toxicology. 26 (4): 279–88.
CiteSeerX
10.1.1.320.6537.
doi:
10.1080/10915810701464641.
PMID
17661218.
S2CID
11550625.
- ^
a
b
c
d Evans, Gerald A.; Farrar, William L. (1998-01-01),
"Phorbol Esters", in Delves, Peter J. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Immunology (Second Edition), Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 1940–1942,
doi:
10.1006/rwei.1999.0488,
ISBN
978-0-12-226765-9, retrieved 2020-11-26
- ^
a
b Weimer, R.; Richmond, J. (2015-01-01),
"Munc13 and Associated Molecules☆", Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, Elsevier,
doi:
10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.04674-2,
ISBN
978-0-12-801238-3, retrieved 2020-11-26
-
^ Emerit, Ingrid; Cerutti, Peter A. (1981). "Tumour promoter phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate induces chromosomal damage via indirect action". Nature. 293 (5828): 144–6.
Bibcode:
1981Natur.293..144E.
doi:
10.1038/293144a0.
PMID
7266668.
S2CID
45253610.
- ^
a
b Abdel-Fatta Rizk (1990). Poisonous Plant Contamination of Edible Plants. CRC Press. pp. 43–44.
ISBN
9780849363696.
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TRPA | Activators |
-
4-Hydroxynonenal
-
4-Oxo-2-nonenal
-
4,5-EET
-
12S-HpETE
-
15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2
-
α-Sanshool (
ginger,
Sichuan and
melegueta peppers)
-
Acrolein
-
Allicin (
garlic)
-
Allyl isothiocyanate (
mustard,
radish,
horseradish,
wasabi)
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AM404
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ASP-7663
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Bradykinin
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Cannabichromene (
cannabis)
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Cannabidiol (
cannabis)
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Cannabigerol (
cannabis)
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Cinnamaldehyde (
cinnamon)
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CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)
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CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)
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Cuminaldehyde (
cumin)
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Curcumin (
turmeric)
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Dehydroligustilide (
celery)
-
Diallyl disulfide
-
Dicentrine (
Lindera spp.)
-
Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid
-
Formalin
-
Gingerols (
ginger)
-
Hepoxilin A3
-
Hepoxilin B3
-
Hydrogen peroxide
-
Icilin
-
Isothiocyanate
-
JT-010
-
Ligustilide (
celery,
Angelica acutiloba)
-
Linalool (
Sichuan pepper,
thyme)
-
Methylglyoxal
-
Methyl salicylate (
wintergreen)
-
N-Methylmaleimide
-
Nicotine (
tobacco)
-
Oleocanthal (
olive oil)
-
Paclitaxel (
Pacific yew)
-
Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
-
PF-4840154
-
Phenacyl chloride
-
Polygodial (
Dorrigo pepper)
-
Shogaols (
ginger,
Sichuan and
melegueta peppers)
-
Tear gases
-
Tetrahydrocannabinol (
cannabis)
-
Tetrahydrocannabiorcol
-
Thiopropanal S-oxide (
onion)
-
Umbellulone (Umbellularia californica)
-
WIN 55,212-2
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Blockers | |
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TRPC | |
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TRPM | |
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TRPML | |
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TRPP | |
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TRPV | Activators |
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2-APB
-
5',6'-EET
-
9-HODE
-
9-oxoODE
-
12S-HETE
-
12S-HpETE
-
13-HODE
-
13-oxoODE
-
20-HETE
-
α-Sanshool (
ginger,
Sichuan and
melegueta peppers)
-
Allicin (
garlic)
-
AM404
-
Anandamide
-
Bisandrographolide (
Andrographis paniculata)
-
Camphor (
camphor laurel,
rosemary,
camphorweed,
African blue basil,
camphor basil)
-
Cannabidiol (
cannabis)
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Cannabidivarin (
cannabis)
-
Capsaicin (
chili pepper)
-
Carvacrol (
oregano,
thyme,
pepperwort,
wild bergamot, others)
-
DHEA
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Diacyl glycerol
-
Dihydrocapsaicin (
chili pepper)
-
Estradiol
-
Eugenol (
basil,
clove)
-
Evodiamine (
Euodia ruticarpa)
-
Gingerols (
ginger)
-
GSK1016790A
-
Heat
-
Hepoxilin A3
-
Hepoxilin B3
-
Homocapsaicin (
chili pepper)
-
Homodihydrocapsaicin (
chili pepper)
-
Incensole (
incense)
-
Lysophosphatidic acid
- Low
pH (acidic conditions)
-
Menthol (
mint)
-
N-Arachidonoyl dopamine
-
N-Oleoyldopamine
-
N-Oleoylethanolamide
-
Nonivamide (PAVA) (
PAVA spray)
-
Nordihydrocapsaicin (
chili pepper)
-
Paclitaxel (
Pacific yew)
-
Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
-
Phenylacetylrinvanil
-
Phorbol esters (e.g.,
4α-PDD)
-
Piperine (
black pepper,
long pepper)
-
Polygodial (
Dorrigo pepper)
-
Probenecid
-
Protons
-
RhTx
-
Rutamarin (
Ruta graveolens)
-
Resiniferatoxin (RTX) (
Euphorbia resinifera/
pooissonii)
-
Shogaols (
ginger,
Sichuan and
melegueta peppers)
-
Tetrahydrocannabivarin (
cannabis)
-
Thymol (
thyme,
oregano)
-
Tinyatoxin (
Euphorbia resinifera/
pooissonii)
-
Tramadol
-
Vanillin (
vanilla)
-
Zucapsaicin
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Blockers | |
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