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Microwave network module
This article is about the microwave device. For the guitar effect, see
Phaser (effect) .
"Phase shifter" redirects here. For the type of electric utility transformer, see
quadrature booster .
A microwave (6 to 18 GHz) Phase Shifter and Frequency Translator
A phase shift module is a
microwave network module which provides a controllable phase shift of the
RF signal .
[1]
[2]
[3] Phase shifters are used in
phased arrays .
[4]
[5]
[6]
Classification
Active versus passive
Active phase shifters provide gain, while passive phase shifters are lossy.
Analog versus digital
Analog phase shifters provide a continuously variable phase shift or time delay.
[7]
Digital phase shifters provide a discrete set of phase shifts or time delays. Discretization leads to quantization errors. Digital phase shifters require parallel bus control.
Differential, single-ended or waveguide :
Differential
transmission line : A differential transmission line is a balanced two-conductor transmission line in which the phase difference between currents is 180 degrees. The differential mode is less susceptible to common mode noise and cross talk.
Antenna selection:
dipole , tapered slot antenna (TSA)
Examples: coplanar strip, slotline
Single-ended transmission line: A single-ended transmission line is a two-conductor transmission line in which one conductor is referenced to a common ground, the second conductor. The single-ended mode is more susceptible to common-mode noise and cross talk.
Antenna selection: double folded slot (DFS), microstrip,
monopole
Examples: CPW, microstrip, stripline
Waveguide
Antenna selection: waveguide,
horn
Frequency band
One-conductor or dielectric transmission line versus two-conductor transmission line
One-conductor or dielectric transmission line (
optical fibre ,
finline , waveguide):
Two-conductor transmission line (
CPW ,
microstrip ,
slotline ,
stripline ):
Differential or single-ended
TEM or quasi-TEM mode is TTD or quasi-TTD
Phase shifters versus TTD phase shifter
A phase shifter provides an invariable phase shift with frequency, and is used for fixed-beam frequency-invariant pattern synthesis.
A TTD phase shifter provides an invariable time delay with frequency, and is used for
squint -free and
ultra wideband (UWB) beam steering.
Reciprocal versus non-reciprocal
Reciprocal: T/R
Non-reciprocal: T or R
Technology
Non semi-conducting (ferrite, ferro-electric,
RF MEMS , liquid crystal):
Semi-conducting (RF CMOS,
GaAs .
SiGe , InP,
GaN or Sb):
Design
Loaded-line:
Distortion:
Distorted if lumped
Undistorted and TTD if distributed
Reflect-type:
Applications: reflect arrays (S11 phase shifters)
Distortion:
Distorted if S21 phase shifter, because of 3 dB coupler
Undistorted and TTD if S11 phase shifter
Switched-network
Network:
High-pass or low-pass
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
or T
Distortion:
Undistorted if the
left-handed high-pass sections cancel out the distortion of the right-handed low-pass sections
Switched-line
Applications: UWB beam steering
Distortion: undistorted and TTD
Vector summing
Figures of merit
Number of effective bits, if digital [bit]
Biasing: current-driven, high-voltage electrostatic [mA, V]
DC power consumption [mW]
Distortion:
group velocity dispersion (GVD) [ps2 /nm]
Gain [dB] if active, loss [dB] if passive
Linearity : IP3, P1dB [dBm]
Phase shift / noise figure [°/dB] (phase shifter) or time delay / noise figure [ps/dB] (TTD phase shifter)
Power handling [mW, dBm]
Reliability [cycles, MTBF]
Size [mm2
Switching time [ns]
References
^ Microwave Solid State Circuit Design, 2nd Ed., by Inder Bahl and Prakash Bhartia, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 (Chapter 12)
^ RF MEMS Theory, Design and Technology by Gabriel Rebeiz, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 (Chapter 9-10)
^ Antenna Engineering Handbook, 4th Ed., by John Volakis, McGraw-Hill, 2007 (Chapter 21)
^ Phased Array Antennas, 2nd Ed., by R. C. Hansen, John Wiley & Sons, 1998
^ Phased Array Antenna Handbook, 2nd Ed., by Robert Mailloux, Artech House, 2005
^ Phased Array Antennas by Arun K. Bhattacharyya, John Wiley & Sons, 2006
^
Microwave Phase Shifter
Archived 2003-03-27 at the
Wayback Machine information from
Herley General Microwave
External links