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Penrhyn
Mangarongaro, Penrhynese, Tongareva
tongareva
Native to Cook Islands
Region Penrhyn Island, Northern Cook Islands
Native speakers
200 (2011 census) [1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3 pnh
Glottolog penr1237
ELP Penrhyn
Penrhyn is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

The Penrhyn language is a Cook Islands Maori dialectal variant [2] belonging to the Polynesian language family. It is spoken by about 200 people on Penrhyn Island and other islands in the Northern Cook Islands. [3] It is considered to be an endangered language as many of its users are shifting to Cook Islands Māori and English.

Phonology

Alphabet

The alphabet used in the Penrhyn Dictionary has 21 letters: ⟨a, ā, e, ē, f, h, i, ī, k, m, n, ng, o, ō, p, r, s, t, u, ū, v⟩ [4]

Long vowels are written with a macron.

Consonants

Consonants in Penrhyn
Labial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Stop p t k
Fricative ( f) [a] v s h
Liquid l ⟨r⟩
  1. ^ [ f] is present in loanwords from languages like Rakahanga-Manihiki and Tahitian.

Tongareva is one of the few Cook Islands languages without a glottal stop [ ʔ]. There is allophonic voicing of stops present. [4]

Grammar

References

  1. ^ Penrhyn at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Te Reo Maori Act 2003 – via www.paclii.org
  3. ^ "Penrhyn". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  4. ^ a b "About - Penrhyn Dictionary". Dictionary of Cook Islands Languages.

Further reading

  • Shibata, Norio, ed. (2003). Penrhyn-English Dictionary. ELPR Publications Series. Vol. A1-005. Kyoto: Nakanishi. OCLC  249683569.