Historically, pen computing (defined as a computer system employing a user-interface using a pointing device plus
handwriting recognition as the primary means for interactive user input) predates the use of a mouse and graphical display by at least two decades, starting with the Stylator[1] and
RAND Tablet[2] systems of the 1950s and early 1960s.
General techniques
User interfaces for pen computing can be implemented in several ways. Current systems generally employ a combination of these techniques.
Pointing/locator input
The tablet and
stylus are used as pointing devices, such as to replace a mouse. While a mouse is a relative pointing device (one uses the mouse to "push the cursor around" on a screen), a tablet is an absolute pointing device (one places the stylus where the cursor is to appear).
There are a number of human factors to be considered when actually substituting a stylus and tablet for a mouse. For example, it is much harder to target or tap the same exact position twice with a stylus, so "double-tap" operations with a stylus are harder to perform if the system is expecting "double-click" input from a mouse.
A finger can be used as the stylus on a touch-sensitive tablet surface, such as with a
touchscreen.
Handwriting recognition
The tablet and
stylus can be used to replace a keyboard, or both a mouse and a keyboard, by using the tablet and stylus in two modes:
Pointing mode: The stylus is used as a pointing device as above.
On-line Handwriting recognition mode: The strokes made with the stylus are analyzed as an "electronic ink" by software which recognizes the shapes of the strokes or marks as handwritten characters. The characters are then input as text, as if from a keyboard.
Different systems switch between the modes (pointing vs. handwriting recognition) by different means, e.g.
by writing in separate areas of the tablet for pointing mode and for handwriting-recognition mode.
by pressing a special button on the side of the stylus to change modes.
by context, such as treating any marks not recognized as text as pointing input.
by recognizing a special gesture mark.
The term "on-line handwriting recognition" is used to distinguish recognition of handwriting using a real-time
digitizing tablet for input, as contrasted to "off-line handwriting recognition", which is
optical character recognition of static handwritten symbols from paper.
The
stylus is used to touch, press, and drag on simulated objects directly. The Wang Freestyle system[3] is one example. Freestyle worked entirely by direct manipulation, with the addition of electronic "ink" for adding handwritten notes.
Gesture recognition
This is the technique of recognizing certain special shapes not as handwriting input, but as an indicator of a special command.
For example, a "pig-tail" shape (used often as a proofreader's mark) would indicate a "delete" operation. Depending on the implementation, what is deleted might be the object or text where the mark was made, or the stylus can be used as a pointing device to select what it is that should be deleted. With Apple's
Newton OS, text could be deleted by scratching in a zig-zag pattern over it.
Recent systems have used digitizers which can recognize more than one "stylus" (usually a finger) at a time, and make use of
Multi-touch gestures.
The
PenPoint OS was a special operating system which incorporated gesture recognition and handwriting input at all levels of the operating system. Prior systems which employed gesture recognition only did so within special applications, such as CAD/CAM applications[4][5] or text processing.[6]
The first patent for an electronic device used for handwriting, the
telautograph, was granted in 1888.[7]
What is probably the first patent for a system that recognized handwritten characters by analyzing the handwriting motion was granted in 1915.[8]
Around 1954
Douglas T Ross, working on the Whirlwind computer at MIT, wrote the "first hand-drawn graphics input program to a computer".[9]
The first publicly demonstrated system using a tablet and handwriting text recognition instead of a keyboard for working with a modern digital computer dates to 1956.[10]
In addition to many academic and research systems, there were several companies with commercial products in the 1980s:
Pencept,
Communications Intelligence Corporation, and Linus
were among the best known of a crowded field. Later,
GO Corp. brought out the
PenPoint OS operating system for a tablet PC product: one of the patents from GO corporation was the subject of recent infringement lawsuit concerning the Tablet PC operating system.[11]
The following timeline list gives some of the highlights of this history:
Before 1950
1888: U.S. Patent granted to
Elisha Gray on electrical stylus device for capturing handwriting.[7][12]
1915: U.S. Patent on handwriting recognition user interface with a stylus.[8][13]
1942: U.S. Patent on touchscreen for handwriting input.[14][15]
Fairlight CMI, an early commercial digital sampling workstation
1982
Pencept of Waltham, Massachusetts markets a general-purpose computer terminal using a tablet and handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard and mouse.[20]
Cadre System markets the Inforite point-of-sale terminal using handwriting recognition and a small electronic tablet and pen.[21]
1985:
Pencept[22][23] and CIC[24] both offer PC computers for the consumer market using a tablet and handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard and mouse. Operating system is
MS-DOS.
1989
The first commercially available tablet-type portable computer was the
GRiDPad 1900[25] from
GRiD Systems, released in September. It ran GRiDPen (later released as PenRight), a graphic system with pen input and handwriting recognition running on MS-DOS.
Wang Laboratories introduces Freestyle. Freestyle was an application that would do a screen capture from an MS-DOS application, and let the user add voice and handwriting annotations. It was a sophisticated predecessor to later note-taking applications for systems like the Tablet PC. The operating system was
MS-DOS.[26]
GO Corp announced a dedicated operating system, called
PenPoint OS, featuring control of the operating system desktop via handwritten gesture shapes.[29][30] Gestures included "flick" gestures in different directions, check-marks, cross-outs, pig-tails, and circular shapes, among others.
Portia Isaacsen of Future Computing estimates the total annual market for pen computers such as those running the
PenPoint OS to be on the order of $500 Million.
NCR released model 3125 pen computer running MS-DOS, Penpoint or Pen Windows.[31]
The
Apple Newton entered development; although it ultimately became a
PDA, its original concept (which called for a larger screen and greater sketching capabilities) resembled that of a tablet PC.
IBM releases the
ThinkPad, IBM's first commercialized portable tablet computer product available to the consumer market, as the
IBMThinkPad 750P and 360P[33]
Apple Computer announces the Newton PDA, also known as the Apple MessagePad, which includes handwriting recognition with a stylus.
Amstrad release the "
PenPad" or PDA600, a similar pen-based device. It did not achieve commercial success.[34]
BellSouth released the
IBM Simon Personal Communicator, an analog cellphone using a touch-screen and display. It did not include handwriting recognition, but did permit users to write messages and send them as faxes on the analog cellphone network, and included PDA and Email features.
Bill Gates of Microsoft demonstrates first public prototype of a Tablet PC (defined by Microsoft as a pen-enabled computer conforming to hardware specifications devised by Microsoft and running a licensed copy of
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition)[36] at
Comdex.
Wacom introduces the
Cintiq pen-based tablet platform for professional artists.[37]
2003
FingerWorks[38] develops the touch technology and touch gestures later used in the Apple
iPhone.[39]
Windows Vista released for general availability. Vista included the functionality of the special Tablet PC edition of Windows XP.
2008
In April 2008, as part of a larger federal court case, the gesture features of the Windows/Tablet PC operating system and hardware were found to infringe on a patent by
GO Corp. concerning user interfaces for pen computer operating systems.[11] Microsoft's acquisition of the technology is the subject of a separate lawsuit.[41][42]
HP releases the second MultiTouch capable tablet: the
HP TouchSmart tx2z.[43]
Apple releases the
Apple Pencil for the
iPad Pro which includes pressure sensitivity and angle detection.
2021
Samsung releases the
Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra, the first Samsung Galaxy S phone to bring the S Pen support found in the
Samsung Galaxy Note Series, alongside the release of the S Pen Pro as the separate high-end stylus to have a compatible with the smartphones, tablets and PCs that supports the S Pen.
In August 2021, as the discontinuation of the entire
Samsung Galaxy Note Series, Samsung releases the
Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3, the first Galaxy Z Fold
foldable phone to bring the S Pen support, alongside the release of the S Pen Fold Edition as the separate stylus to have exclusively compatible with the Galaxy Z Fold 3 onwards to avoid taking the screen damage rather than using the other stylus pens and the S Pen Pro without the Z Fold compatibility.