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Pangeran
Pekik
Died1659
Mataram Sultanate
Cause of deathAssassinated by Amangkurat I [1]
Parent
RelativesAmangkurat I (son-in-law), Amangkurat II (grandson)
Family House of Surabaya

Pangeran Pekik (or Prince Pekik, died in 1659) was a Javanese prince, and son of the last Duke of Surabaya, Jayalengkara. [2] [3] After the Mataram conquest of Surabaya, he was forced to live in Mataram court. [1] He was executed in 1659 under the orders of Mataram's King Amangkurat I, who suspected him of conspiracy. [1]

Family and ancestry

Pangeran Pekik was born into the ruling house of the Duchy of Surabaya. His father, Jayalengkara ( r. ?–1625), was the Duke of Surabaya at the time of Surabaya's conquest by Mataram (1625). [3] The House of Surabaya claimed to be descendants of Sunan Ampel (1401–1481), one of the nine saints (wali songo) credited with the spread of Islam in Java. [4] [2] [5] However, de Graaf wrote that there was no evidence for this claim although he considered it likely that the ruling family were distantly related to Sunan Ampel. [2] [5]

Biography

Fall of Surabaya

Main article: Mataram conquest of Surabaya

At the time of Mataram's campaign of conquest against Surabaya (1619–1625), Pekik's father the Duke was already blind and aged. [3] Pekik was one of the leaders of the defending forces and mobilised Surabaya's allies against Mataram. [6] After several years of war, Surabaya surrendered in 1625. [7] Pangeran Pekik was exiled to an ascetic life at the grave of Sunan Ngampel-Denta near Surabaya. [8] [7] [9]

Move to Mataram court

In 1633, Mataram's Sultan Agung recalled Pangeran Pekik from Ampel. [9] Pekik married Agung's sister and henceforth lived at court, while Agung's son and heir (later Amangkurat I) married Pekik's daughter. [9] While at court, he "did much to civilize the Court" of Mataram, according to Dutch historian H. J. de Graaf. [3] He brought culture from the court of Surabaya, which had been a centre of culture and Islamic Old Javanese literature since the second half of the 16th century, to the relatively new court of Mataram. [2] Agung's decision to institute the Javanese calendar was probably the result of Pekik's influence. [9]

Campaign against Giri

In 1636, Pekik was ordered by Sultan Agung to lead a Mataram army in a reconquest of Giri. [9] [10] Giri was a religious site, ruled by religious men who traced their lineage to Sunan Giri, one of the nine wali (saints) credited with spreading Islam in Java, and became a centre of opposition against Mataram. [10] Agung hesitated to attack it, and he might have been worried that his men would not be willing to fight the holy men of Giri. [11] Pekik's standing and his family's relation to the line of Sunan Ampel, a more senior wali than Sunan Giri, provided legitimacy to this campaign and helped ensure the soldiers' loyalty. [12] The fortified town of Giri was taken by Mataram troops under Pekik in 1636. [13]

Amangkurat I's reign and assassination

Sultan Agung died in 1646 and was succeeded by Amangkurat I, who was married to one of Pekik's daughters. [14] Around 1649, she died soon after giving birth to her third child, who was designated the crown prince (he later became King Amangkurat II). [1] In 1659 Amangkurat I suspected that Pangeran Pekik was leading a conspiracy against his life. [1] Subsequently, Pekik and his relatives, including those living in Surabaya, were killed under Amangkurat I's order. [1]

The massacre of Pekik's family, East Java's most important princely house, created a rift between Amangkurat and his East Javanese subjects. It also caused a conflict with his son, the crown prince, who was close to Pekik (his maternal grandfather) and the rest of his mother's family. [1] [15]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Pigeaud 1976, p. 66.
  2. ^ a b c d Pigeaud 1976, p. 16.
  3. ^ a b c d Pigeaud 1976, p. 40.
  4. ^ Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994, p. 34.
  5. ^ a b Pigeaud 1976, p. 36.
  6. ^ Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994, p. 48.
  7. ^ a b Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994, p. 65.
  8. ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 48.
  9. ^ a b c d e Reid 2010.
  10. ^ a b Ricklefs 2008, p. 51.
  11. ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 52.
  12. ^ Ricklefs 2008, pp. 51–52.
  13. ^ Pigeaud 1976, p. 46.
  14. ^ Pigeaud 1976, p. 54.
  15. ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 89.

Bibliography

  • Akhmad Saiful Ali (1994). Ekspansi Mataram terhadap Surabaya Abad ke-17 (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Surabaya: Islamic Institute of Sunan Ampel.
  • Ricklefs, M.C. (2008-09-11). A History of Modern Indonesia Since C.1200. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN  978-1-137-05201-8.[ permanent dead link]
  • Pigeaud, Theodore Gauthier Thomas (1976). Islamic States in Java 1500–1700: Eight Dutch Books and Articles by Dr H. J. de Graaf. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN  90-247-1876-7.
  • Reid, Anthony (2010). "Islam in South-East Asia and the Indian Ocean littoral, 1500–1800: expansion, polarisation, synthesis". In Morgan, David O.; Reid, Anthony (eds.). The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 3: The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN  978-0-521-85031-5.
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