The site was excavated under the auspices of the Chicago
Field Museum of Natural History by Cheryl Ann Munson and Patrick J. Munson as part of a six-week
Anthropology Training Program for high aptitude high school students.[1]
Results of data analysis
Excavations at the site yielded
Protohistoric to early
Historic artifacts, pit features, plant remains and animal bone.[1]
Features
A total of 21 pit features and several scattered post molds were identified at the site. All of them contained ash, charcoal and fire-cracked rock. Most of them were shallow and basin shaped and the rest were deep with vertical sides and flat bottoms.[1]
Animal remains
Remains from several species were recovered from the site. The main species present were
deer and
fish, but
crayfish,
mussels,
birds,
turtles and smaller mammals were also present.[1] These remains were not modified into tools like the bone tools described in the Artifacts section below, and may be considered food remains.
Plant remains
Flotation techniques were used to recover small plant remains that would otherwise be missed during traditional archaeological activities. As a result, plant remains recovered included
maize (5 cob fragments and one kernel), one
common bean, two
hazelnut fragments and several seeds of
Carex, and either
Chenopodium or
Amaranthus. Both Chenopodium and Amaranthus are part of the
Eastern Agricultural Complex.[1]
Pottery – total of 524 pot sherds were recovered, mostly in very poor preservation. Only 4 vessels could be identified via usable rim sherds. 16 cordmarked grit-tempered body sherds were thought to represent Langford Ware, which is an
Upper Mississippian culture based in northwestern
Illinois. The vast majority of sherds were shell-
tempered and seemed to be affiliated with the
Upper Mississippian Huber culture. Of the four vessels, three conformed to the definition of Huber ware[2] and one seemed to be a trade vessel affiliated with the Danner series identified at the Zimmerman site.
Stone tools – including 18 small triangular
projectile points, 5 end
scrapers, 9 flake scrapers, 6 humpback scrapers, and 2 ovate knives. The triangular points are commonly called Madison points. These types of points, also known as "
arrowheads", are thought to be arrow-tips for
bows-and-arrows. The usage of the bow-and-arrow seems to have greatly increased from c. A.D. 1000 on, possibly due to increased conflict.[3][4]
Bone and
antler tools – including a long deer-bone
awl, an awl fragment, an antler
projectile point and 4 cylindrical "gaming pieces"
European trade goods – including a
copper or
brass tinkler fragment, two sheet brass fragments, brass ring fragment and another unidentified brass fragment.
Significance
The Palos site yielded a small amount of artifacts but most importantly, it has yielded
Upper Mississippianpottery in association with early Historic European trade goods. Based on the known dates of introduction of the artifacts, the excavators estimate that the date of occupation for this site is between 1673 and 1693.[1]
References
^
abcdefghMunson, Cheryl Ann; Munson, Patrick J. (1969). "Preliminary Report on an Early Historic Site, Cook County, Illinois". Wisconsin Archaeologist. 50 (3): 184–188.
^Faulkner, Charles H. (1972). "The Late Prehistoric Occupation of Northwestern Indiana: A Study of the Upper Mississippi Cultures of the Kankakee Valley". Prehistory Research Series. V (1). Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Historical Society: 1–222.
^Mason, Ronald J. (1981). Great Lakes Archaeology. New York, New York: Academic Press, Incl.
Cheryl Ann Munson and Patrick J. Munson (1969), "Preliminary Report on an Early Historic Site, Cook County, Illinois", Wisconsin Archaeologist, 50 (3): 184–188