Pakistani citizens can enlist for voluntary military service upon reaching 16 years of age, but cannot be deployed for combat until the age of 18 in accordance with the
Constitution of Pakistan.
The primary objective and constitutional mission of the Pakistan Army is to ensure the national security and national unity of
Pakistan by defending it against any form of external aggression or the threat of war. It can also be requisitioned by the
Pakistani federal government to respond to internal threats within its borders.[7] During events of national and international calamities and emergencies, it conducts humanitarian rescue operations at home and
is an active participant in peacekeeping missions mandated by the
United Nations (UN)âmost notably playing a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers who had requested for a
quick reaction force during
Operation Gothic Serpent in
Somalia. Troops from the Pakistan Army also had a relatively strong presence as part of a larger UN and
NATO coalition during the
Bosnian War and larger
Yugoslav Wars.: 70 [8]
In violation of its constitutional mandate, it has repeatedly overthrown elected civilian governments, overreaching its protected constitutional mandate to "act in the aid of civilian federal governments when called upon to do so".[12] The army has been involved in enforcing
martial law against the federal government with the claim of restoring law and order in the country by dismissing the
legislative branch and
parliament on multiple occasions in past decadesâwhile maintaining a wider commercial, foreign and political interest in the country. This has led it facing allegations of acting as a
state within a state.[13][14][15][16]
Its existence and constitutional role are protected by the
Constitution of Pakistan, where its role is to serve as the
land-based uniform service branch of the
Pakistan Armed Forces. The Constitution of Pakistan establishes the principal
land warfare uniform branch in the Pakistan Armed Forces as its states:
The Armed Forces shall, under the directions of the Federal Government, defend Pakistan against external aggression or threat of war, and, subject to law, act in aid of civil power when called upon to do so.
The Pakistan Army came into its modern birth from the division of the
British Indian Army that ceased to exist as a result of the
partition of India that resulted in the
creation of Pakistan on 14 August 1947.: 1â2 [5] Before even the partition took place, there were plans ahead of dividing the British Indian Army into different parts based on the religious and ethnic influence on the areas of India.: 1â2 [5]
On 30 June 1947, the
War Department of the
British administration in India began planning the dividing of the ~400,000 men strong British Indian Army, but that only began few weeks before the partition of India that resulted in violent
religious violence in India.: 1â2 [5] The Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee (AFRC) under the chairmanship of British
Field Marshal Sir
Claude Auchinleck had devised the formula to divide the military assets between India and Pakistan with ratio of 2:1, respectively.: conts. [23]
A major division of the army was overseen by Sir
Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi, an Indian
civil servant who was influential in making sure that ~260,000 men would be transferred into forming the
Indian Army whilst the remaining balance going to Pakistan after the
independence act was enacted by the United Kingdom on the night of 14/15 August 1947.: 2â3 [5]
Command and control at all levels of the new army was extremely difficult, as Pakistan had received six armoured, eight
artillery and eight
infantry regiments compared to the twelve armoured, forty artillery and twenty-one infantry regiments that went to India.: 155â156 [24] In total, the size of the new army was about ~150,000 men strong.: 155â156 [24] To fill the vacancy in the command positions of the new army, around 13,500: 2 [5]military officers from the
British Army had to be employed in the Pakistan Army, which was quite a large number, under the command of
Lieutenant-GeneralFrank Messervy, the first
commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army.: 70 [25]
Eminent fears of
India's seizing the control over the state of
Kashmir, the armed
tribes and the
irregular militia entered in the
Muslim-majorityvalley of Kashmir to oppose the rule of
Hari Singh, a
Hindu and the ruling
Maharaja of Kashmir, in October 1947.: conts. [26] Attempting to maintain his control over the
princely state,
Hari Singh deployed his troops to check on the tribal advances but his troops failed to halt the advancing tribes towards the valley.: 40 [27] Eventually,
Hari Singh appealed to
Louis Mountbatten, the
Governor-General of India, requesting for the deployment of the
Indian Armed Forces but Indian government maintained that the troops could be committed if Hari Singh acceded to India.: 40 [27] Hari Singh eventually agreed to concede to the
Indian government terms which eventually led to the deployment of the
Indian Army in
Kashmirâ this agreement, however, was contested by Pakistan since the agreement did not include the
consent of the
Kashmiri people.: 40 [27] Sporadic fighting between militia and Indian Army broke out, and units of the Pakistan Army under
Maj-Gen.Akbar Khan, eventually joined the militia in their fight against the Indian Army.: 40 [27]
Although, it was
Lieutenant-General Sir
Frank Messervy who opposed the tribal invasion in a cabinet meeting with
Prime MinisterLiaquat Ali Khan in 1947, later leaving the command of the army in 1947,: 447 [28] in a view of that British officers in the
Indian and Pakistan Army would be fighting with each other in the war front.: 417 [29] It was Lt-Gen.
Douglas Gracey who reportedly disobeyed the direct orders from
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the
Governor-General of Pakistan, for the deployment of the army units and ultimately issued standing orders that refrained the units of Pakistan Army to further participate in the conflict.: 59 [30]
By 1948, when it became imperative in Pakistan that India was about to mount a large-scale operation against Pakistan,
Gen. Gracey did not object to the deployment of the army units in the conflict against the Indian Army.: 59 [30]
This earlier insubordination of
Gen. Gracey eventually forced India and Pakistan to reach a compromise through the
United Nations' intervention, with Pakistan controlling the
Western Kashmir and India controlling the
Eastern Kashmir.: 417 [29]
20th Century: Cold war and conflict performances
Reorganization under the United States Army (1952â58)
At the time of the
partition of
British India, British
Field Marshal (United Kingdom) Sir
Claude Auchinleck favored the transfer of the
infantry divisions to the Pakistan Army including the
7th, 8th and 9th.: 55 [31] In 1948, the British army officers in the Pakistan Army established and raised the 10th,
12th, and the 14th infantry divisionsâ with the 14th being established in
East Bengal.: 55 [31] In 1950, the 15th Infantry Division was raised with the help from the
United States Army, followed by the establishment of the
15th Lancers in Sialkot.: 36 [32] Dependence on the United States grew furthermore by the Pakistan Army despite it had worrisome concerns to the country's politicians.: 36 [32] Between 1950 and 1954, Pakistan Army raised six more armoured regiments under the U.S. Army's guidance: including, 4th Cavalry,
12th Cavalry,
15th Lancers, and
20th Lancers.: 36 [32]
After the death of
Maj-Gen. Iftikhar, there were four senior major-generals in the army in the race of promotion but the most junior, Maj-Gen.
Ayub Khan, whose name was not included in the promotion list was elevated to the promotion that resulted in a lobbying provided by Iskandar Mirza, the
Defense Secretary in
Ali Khan administration.[35] A tradition of appointment based on favoritism and qualification that is still in practice by the civilian
Prime Ministers in Pakistan.[35] Ayub was promoted to the acting rank of full general to command the army as his predecessors
Frank Messervy and
Douglas Gracey were performing the duty of commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army in the acting rank of general, the neighboring country India's first commanders-in-chief were same in this context.
The department of the army under General
Ayub Khan steered the army's needs towards heavy focus and dependence towards the imported hardware acquired from the
United States, in spite of acquiring it from the domestic industry, under the
Military Assistance Advisory Group attached to Pakistan in 1954â56.: 36 [32] In 1953, the 6th Infantry Division was raised and disbanded the 6th Division in 1956 followed by the disbandment of the 9th Infantry Division as the American assistance was available only for one armored and six infantry divisions.: 36 [32] During this time, an army
combat brigade team was readily made available by Gen. Ayub Khan to deploy to support the American Army's fighting troops in the
Korean war.: 270 [36]
Working as cabinet minister in
Bogra administration,
Gen. Ayub's impartiality was greatly questioned by country's politicians and drove Pakistan's defence policy towards the dependence on the United States when the country becoming the party of the
CENTO and the
SEATO, the
U.S. active measures
against the expansion of the
global communism.: 60 [37][38]
In 1957, the
I Corps was established and headquarter was located in Punjab.: 55 [31] Between 1956 and 1958, the schools of infantry and tactics,[40] artillery,[41] ordnance,[42] armoured,[43] medical, engineering, services, aviation,[44] and several other schools and training centers were established with or without U.S. participation.: 60 [37]
Military takeovers in Pakistan and second war with India (1958â1969)
From 1954 to 1958, Ayub Khan was made subjected with receiving multiple service extensions by the civilian Prime Ministers first receiving in 1954 that extended his service to last till 1958.: contents [48]: 232 [49]
The Pakistan Army under Ayub Khan had been less supportive towards the implementation of the
first set of
Constitution of Pakistan that had established the
civilian control of the military, and the army went on to completely endorse and support the
first martial law in the country imposed by
PresidentIskander Mirzaâ the army later took control of the power from
President Mirza in mere two weeks and installed Ayub Khan as the second
President.: 81 [46] The subsequent change of command resulted in Gen.
Musa Khan becoming the army commander with Ayub Khan promoting himself as controversial rank of
field marshal.: 22 [50][self-published source?] In 1969, the Supreme Court reversed its decision and overturned its convictions that called for validation of
martial law in 1958.: 60 [51]
The army held the referendum and tightly control the political situation through the
intelligence agencies, and banned the political activities in the country.[52]
From 1961 to 1962, military aid continued to Pakistan from the United States and they established the
25th Cavalry, followed by the
24th Cavalry, 22nd, and 23rd Cavalry.: 36 [32] In 1960â61, the
Army Special Forces was reportedly involved in taking over the control of the administration of
Dir from the
Nawab of Dir in
Chitral in
North-West Frontier Province over the concerns of Afghan meddling in the region.[53] In 1964â65, the
border fighting and tensions flared with the
Indian Army with a serious incident taking place near the
Rann of Kutch, followed by the failed
covert action to take control of the
Indian-side of Kashmir resulted in a
massive retaliation by the Indian Army on 5 August 1965.[54] On the night of 6 September 1965, India opened the front against Pakistan when the Indian Army's
mechanized corps charged forwards taking over the control of the
Pakistan-side of Punjab, almost reaching
Lahore.: 294 [55] At the time of the conflict in 1965, Pakistan's armory and mechanized units' hardware was imported from the United States including the
M4 Sherman,
M24 Chaffee,
M36 Jackson, and the
M47 and
M48Patton tanks, equipped with 90 mm guns.[56] In contrast, the Indian Army's armor had outdated in technology with Korean war-usage American
M4 Sherman and World War II manufactured British
Centurion Tank, fitted with the French-made CN-75 guns.[57]
In spite of Pakistan enjoying the numerical advantage in tanks and artillery, as well as better equipment overall,: 69 [58][59] the Indian Army successfully penetrated the defences of Pakistan's borderline and successfully conquered around 360 to 500 square kilometres (140 to 190 square miles)[55][60] of
Pakistani Punjab territory on the outskirts of Lahore.[61] A major tank battle took place in
Chawinda, at which the newly established 1st Armoured Division was able to halt the Indian invasion.: 35 [62] Eventually, the Indian invasion of Pakistan came to halt when the Indian Army
concluded the battle near Burki.[61][63][page needed][64][65] With diplomatic efforts and involvement by the
Soviet Union to bring two nation to end the war, the Ayub administration reached a compromise with
Shastri ministry in India when both governments signed and ratified the
Tashkent Declaration.[64][65] According to the Library of Congress Country Studies conducted by the Federal Research Division of the United States:
The war was militarily inconclusive; each side held prisoners and some territory belonging to the other. Losses were relatively heavyâon the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800 troops. Pakistan's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure, but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan. Most Pakistanis, schooled in the belief of their own martial prowess, refused to accept the possibility of their country's military defeat by "Hindu India" and were, instead, quick to blame their failure to attain their military aims on what they considered to be the ineptitude of Ayub Khan and his government.[66]
At the time of ceasefire declared, per neutral sources, Indian casualties stood at 3,000 whilst the Pakistani casualties were 3800.[67][68][69] Pakistan lost between 200 and 300 tanks during the conflict and India lost approximately 150-190 tanks.[70][71][better source needed]
However, most neutral assessments agree that India had the
upper hand over Pakistan when ceasefire was declared,[72][73][74][75][76] but the propaganda in Pakistan about the war continued in favor of Pakistan Army.[77] The war was not rationally analysed in Pakistan with most of the blame being heaped on the leadership and little importance given to intelligence failures that persisted until the debacle of the
third war with India in 1971.[78] The Indian Army's action was restricted to
Punjab region of both sides with Indian Army mainly in fertile Sialkot, Lahore and Kashmir sectors,[79][80] while Pakistani land gains were primarily in southern deserts opposite
Sindh and in the
Chumb sector near Kashmir in the north.[79]
With the United States' arms embargo on Pakistan over the issue of the war, the army instead turned to the Soviet Union and China for hardware acquisition, and correctly assessed that a lack of infantry played a major role in the failure of Pakistani armour to translate its convincing material and technical superiority into a major operational or strategic success against the Indian Army.[81] Ultimately, the army's high command established the 9th, 16th, and 17th infantry divisions in 1966â68.[81] In 1966, the
IV Corps was formed and its headquarter was established, and permanently stationed in Lahore,
Punjab in
Pakistan.[82]
The army remained involved in the nation's civic affairs, and ultimately imposed the second martial law in 1969 when the
writ of the constitution was abrogated by then-army commander, Gen.
Yahya Khan, who took control of the nation's civic affairs after the resignation of President Ayub Khan, resulted in a massive labor strikes instigated by the
Pakistan Peoples Party in
West and
Awami League in
East Pakistan.[83]
In a lawsuit settled by the
Supreme Court of Pakistan, the legality of the martial law was deemed questionable as the Supreme Court settled the suit by retroactively invalidated the martial law that suspended the
Constitution and notably ruled that Yahya Khan's assumption of power was "illegal usurpation".: 59â60 [51] In light of the Supreme Court's judgement, the army held the publicly televised conference when President Yahya Khan announced to hold the
nationwide general elections in 1969â70.: 59â60 [51]
Suppression, civil conflict in East Pakistan and Indian invasion (1969â1971)
In 1969,
PresidentYahya Khan decided to make administrative changes in the army by appointing the Gen.
Abdul Hamid Khan as the
Army Chief of Staff (ACOS) of the Pakistan Army, who centralized the chain of command in Rawalpindi in a headquarters known as "High Command".: 32 [84] From 1967 to 1969, a series of major
military exercises was conducted by infantry units on East Pakistan's border with India.: 114â119 [85] In 1970, the Pakistan army's military mission in
Jordan was reportedly involved in
tackling and curbing down the Palestinian infiltration in Jordan.[86] In June 1971, the enlistment in the army had allowed the
Army GHQ in Rawalpindi to raise and established the 18th infantry division, stationed in
Hyderabad,
Sindh, for the defence of 900 kilometres (560 mi) from
Rahimyar Khan to
Rann of Kutch, and restationed the 23rd infantry division for defending the
Chhamb-Dewa Sector.[81]
In 1971, the
II Corps was established and headquartered in Multan, driven towards defending the mass incursion from the Indian Army.[82] In December 1971, the 33rd infantry division was established from the army reserves of the
II Corps, followed by raising the 37th Infantry Division.[81] Pakistan Army reportedly helped the
Pakistan Navy towards establishing its amphibious branch, the
Pakistan Marines, whose
battalions was airlifted to
East Pakistan along with the 9th Infantry Division.[81]
The intervention in East Pakistan further grew when the
Operation Searchlight resulted in the overtaking of the government buildings, communication centers, and restricting the politicians opposed to military rule.: 263 [87] Within a month, Pakistani national security strategists realized their failure of implementing the plan which had not anticipated civil resistance in East, and the real nature of Indian strategy behind their support of the resistance.: 2â3 [88]
The Yahya administration is widely accused of permitting the army to commit the
war crimes against the civilians in East and curbing civil liberties and human rights in Pakistan. The
Eastern Command under
Lt-Gen.A. A. K. Niazi, who had
area responsibility of the defending the Eastern Front and had the responsibility to protect, was leveled with accusations of escalating the political violence in the East by the serving military officers, politicians, and journalists in Pakistan.[89][90] Since the
general elections in 1970, the army had detained several key politicians, journalists, peace activists, student unionists, and other members of civil society while curbing the freedoms of movement and speech in Pakistan.: 112 [91] In East Pakistan, the unified
Eastern Military Command under Lt-Gen. A.A.K. Niazi, began its engagement with the
armed militia that had support from
India in April 1971, and eventually fought against the Indian Army in December 1971.: 596 [92]: 596 The army, together with marines, launched ground offensives on both fronts but the Indian Army successfully held its ground and initiated well-coordinated ground operations on both fronts, initially capturing 15,010 square kilometres (5,795 sq mi): 239 [39] of Pakistan's territory; this land gained by India in
Azad Kashmir,
Punjab and
Sindh sectors.: 239 [39]
Responding to the ultimatum issued on 16 December 1971 by the Indian Army in East, Lt-Gen. Niazi agreed to concede defeat and move towards signing the
documented surrender with the Indian Army which effectively and unilaterally ended the
armed resistance and led the creation of
Bangladesh, only after India's official engagement that lasted 13 days.[93] It was reported that the
Eastern Command had surrendered ~93,000â97,000 uniform personnel to Indian Armyâ the largest surrender in a war by any country after the
World War II.[94] Casualties inflicted to army's I Corps, II Corps, and Marines did not sit well with President Yahya Khan who turned over control of the civic government to
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto through an executive decree.[95]
Commenting on the defeat, the military observer in the Pakistan Army, Major A.H. Amin, reported that the war strategists in the army had not seriously considered a full-fledged invasion from India until December 1971, because it was presumed that the Indian military would not risk intervention by China or the United States, and the high command failed to realize that the Chinese would be unable to intervene during the winter months of November to December, due to snowbound Himalayan passes, and the Americans had not made any real effort to persuade India against attacking East Pakistan.[96]
Restructuring of armed forces, stability and restoration (1971â1977)
In January 1972, the
Bhutto administration formed the
POW Commission to investigate the numbers of
war prisoners held by the Indian Army while requesting the
Supreme Court of Pakistan to investigate the causes of the war failure with India in 1971.: 7â10 [98] The
Supreme Court formed the famed
War Enquiry Commission (WEC) that identified many failures, fractures, and faults within the institution of the department of the army and submitted recommendations to strengthen the armed forces overall.[5] Under the
Yahya administration, the army was highly demoralized and there were unconfirmed reports of mutiny by soldiers against the senior army generals at the Corps garrisons and the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi.: 5 [98]
Upon returning from the quick visit in the
United States in
1971,
President Bhutto forcefully
dishonourably discharge seven senior army generals, which he called the "army waderas" (lit. Warlords).: 71 [99] In 1972, the army leadership under Lt-Gen.
Gul Hassan refrained from acting under Bhutto administration's order to tackle the
labor strikes in Karachi and to detained the labor union leaders in Karachi, instead advising the federal government to use the
Police Department to take the actions.: 7 [98]
On
2 March 1972,
President Bhutto dismissed
Lt-Gen.Gul Hassan as the army commander, replacing with Lt-Gen.
Tikka Khan who was later promoted to four-star rank and appointed as the first
Chief of Army Staff (COAS).: 8 [98] The army under
Bhutto administration was reconstructed in its structure, improving its fighting ability, and reorganized with the establishment of the
X Corps in
Punjab in
1974, followed by the
V Corps in
Sindh and
XI Corps in the
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in
Pakistan in
1975.[100] The
trilateral agreement in India, the
Bhutto administration transferred all the
war prisoners back to the country but the military struggle to fill in the vacancies and employments due to some suffering from the
PTSD and other mental health complications, while others simply did not wanted to serve in the military any longer.: 19â20 [98] During Bhutto's administration, Pakistan's military pursued a policy of greater self-reliance in arms production. This involved efforts to develop domestic capabilities for manufacturing weapons and military equipment. To address material shortages, Pakistan also turned to China for cooperation in establishing essential metal and material industries.[101]
In
1973, the
Bhutto administration dismissed the
state government in
Balochistan that resulting in another
separatist movement, culminating the series of
army actions in largest province of the country that ended in 1977.: 319 [102] With the military aid receiving from Iran including the transfer of the
Bell AH-1 Cobra to
Aviation Corps,: 319 [102] the conflict came to end with the
Pakistani government offering the general
amnesties to separatists in the 1980s.: 151 [103]: 319 : 319 [102] Over the issue of Baloch conflict, the Pakistani military remained engage in
Omani civil war in favor of Omani government until the rebels were defeated in 1979.[104] The
War Enquiry Commission noted the lack of joint
grand strategy between the four-branches of the military during the
first, the
second, and the
third wars with India, recommending the establishment of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee to maintain strategic military communication between the inter-services and the federal government, that is to be chaired by the appointed
Chairman joint chiefs as the government's principal military adviser.: 145 [105] In
1976, the first
Chairman joint chiefs was appointed from the army with Gen.
Muhammad Shariff taking over the chairmanship, but resigned a year later.: 145 [105] In
1975, Prime Minister
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto controversially superseded at least seven senior army generals to promote Lt-Gen.
Zia-ul-Haq to the four-star rank, appointing him the
Chief of Army Staff (COAS) in spite of army recommendations forwarded to the federal government.: 24 [98]
PAF and
Navyfighter pilots voluntarily served in
Arab nations' militaries against Israel in the
Yom Kippur War (1973). According to modern Pakistani sources, in 1974 one of the PAF pilots, Flt. Lt.
Sattar Alvi flying a MiG-21 shot down an Israeli Air Force Mirage flown by Captain M. Lutz, and was honoured by the Syrian government.[106][107][108] The Israeli pilot later succumbed to wounds he sustained during ejection. However, no major sources from the time reported on such an incident,[109][110][111] and there is no mention of "Captain Lutz" in
Israel's Ministry of Defense's record of Israel's casualties of war.[112]
Middle East operations, peacekeeping missions, and covert actions (1977â1999)
In 1985, the
United States approved the military aid package, worth $4.02 billion, to Pakistan when the
mujaheddin fighting with the
Soviet Union in
Afghanistan increased and intensified, with
Soviet Army began violating and attacking the insurgents in the
tribal areas in Pakistan.: 45â46 [98] In 1986, the tensions with India increased when the
Indian Army's standing troops
mobilized in combat position in Pakistan's southern frontier with India failing to give notification of exercise to Pakistan prior.: 46 [98] In 1987â88, the
XXX Corps, headquartered in North of Punjab, and the
XXXI Corps, headquartered in South of Punjab, was raised and established to provide defence against the Indian army's mass infiltration.[82]
After the
aviation accident that resulted in passing of President Zia in 1988, the army organized the
massive military exercise with the
Pakistan Air Force to evaluate the technological assessment of the weapon systems and operational readiness.: 57 [98][116] In the 1980s, Pakistan Army remained engage in the affairs of
Middle East, first being
deployed in Saudi Arabia during the
IranâIraq War in 1980â1988, and later overseeing operational support measures and combat actions during the
Gulf War in 1990â91.[5]
After its commendable performance, the
President of Pakistan made the
Northern Light Infantry as a regular army regiment. Its personnel eventually became officers and enlisted personnel in the army in 1999.[126]
21st Century: War performances
Religious insurgency and War on terror (2001 â present)
In April 2007, the major reorganization of the commands of the army was taken place under Gen.
Ahsan S. Hyatt, the
vice army chief under Gen. Musharraf, established the Southern, Central, and the Northern Commands.[citation needed] With Gen. Musharraf's resignation and Gen.
Ashfaq Parvez Kayani becoming the
army chief, the army realigned itself to review its combat policies and withdrew officers in civilian institutions to focus on its primary constitutional mission to
protect and
responsible in 2009â14.: 37 [128][129] In 2012, there was a serious accident involving the entire battalion from the
Northern Light Infantry when the
avalanche struck the battalion base in
Siachen, entrapping 135 soldiers and including several army officers.[130]
In 2008, a major introduction was made in the military bureaucracy at the
Army GHQ under Gen.
Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, when two new PSO positions were introduced: the Inspector-General of Arms and the Inspector-General Communications and
IT.[135]
Selection to the officer candidates is highly competitive with ~320â700 individuals are allowed to enter in the
Pakistan Military Academy annually, with a small number of already
graduated physicians, specialists,
veterinaries and the engineers from the
civilian universities are directly recruited in the administrative staff corps such as
Medical Corps, Veterinary Corps,
Engineering Corps, Dental Corps and these graduated individuals are the heart of the administrative corps.: 293 [137] The product of a highly competitive selection process, members of the staff corps have completed twelve years of education in their respected fields (such as attending the schools and universities), and has to spend two years at the Pakistan Military Academy, with their time divided about equally between
military training and academic work to bring them up to a baccalaureate education level, which includes
English-language skills.: 293 [137] The Department of Army also offers employment to civilians in financial management, accountancy, engineering, construction, and administration, and has currently employed 6,500 civilians.[138]
The military officers in the Pakistani military seek retirement between the ages of forty-two and sixty, depending on their ranks, and often seeks employment in the
federal government or the
private sector where the pay scales are higher as well as the opportunity for gain considerably greater.: 294 [137]
The usage of the
junior commissioned officer is the continuation of the former
Viceroy's commissioned officer rank, and the JCO ranking system benefited the army since there was a large gap existed between the officers and the enlisted personnel at the time of the establishment of the new army in 1947.[citation needed] Over the several years, the JCOs rank system has outlived its usefulness because the educational level of the enlisted personnel has risen and the army has more comfortably adopted the
U.S. Army's ranking platform than the British.[38] Promotion to the
JCOs/
WO ranks remains a powerful and influential incentive for that enlisted personnel desire not to attend the accredited four-year college.[citation needed]
The recruiting and enlistment in the army is nationwide but the army's recruiting command maintains an ethnic balance, with those who turned away are encourage to join the either the
Marines or the
Air Force.: 292 [137] Most enlisted personnel had come from the
poor and rural families with many had only rudimentary literacy skills in the
past, but with the increase in the
affordable education have risen to the
matriculation level (12th Grade).: 292 [137] In the past, the army recruits had to re-educate the illiterate personnel while processing them gradually through a paternalistically run regimental training center, teaching the official language,
Urdu, if necessary, and given a period of elementary education before their military training actually starts.: 292 [137]
In the thirty-six-week training period, they develop an attachment to the regiment they will remain with through much of their careers and begin to develop a sense of being a Pakistani rather than primarily a member of a tribe or a village.: 292 [137] Enlisted personnel usually serve for eighteen to twenty years, before retiring or gaining a commission, during which they participate in regular military training cycles and have the opportunity to take academic courses to help them advance.: 292 [137]
The
noncommissioned officers (or enlists) wear respective regimental color chevrons on the right sleeve.: 292 [137] Center point of the uppermost chevron must remain 10 cm from the point of the shoulder.: 292 [137] The Company/battalion appointments wear the appointments badges on the right wrist.: 292 [137] Pay scales and incentives are greater and attractive upon enlistment including the allocation of land, free housing, and financial aid to attend the colleges and universities.: 294 [137] Retirement age for the enlisted personnel varies and depends on the enlisted ranks that they have attained during their services.: 294 [137]
Prior to August 1947, the
British Army's recruiting administration had recruited the enlists from the districts of the
Jhelum,
Rawalpindi, and
Campbellpur that dominated the recruitment flows.[5] From 1947 to 1971, the Pakistan Army was predominantly favored to recruit from
Punjab and was popular in the country as the "Punjabi Army" because of heavy recruiting interests coming from the
rural and poor families of villages in Punjab as well as being the most populous province of Pakistan.: 149 [140][141]
Even as of today, the Pakistan Army's recruiters struggle to enlist citizens and their selfless commitment to the military from the
urban areas (i.e.
Karachi and
Peshawar) where the preference of the
college education is quite popular (especially attending
post-graduate schools in the
United States and the
English-speaking countries) as well as working in the settled
private industry for lucrative salaries and benefits, while the military enlistment still comes from the most rural and remote areas of Pakistan, where commitment to the military is much greater than in the
metropolitan cities.: 31 [9]
After 1971, the
Bhutto administration introduced the
Quota system and drastically reduced the officers and enlists from Punjab and gave strong preference to residents in
Sindh,
Balochistan, and
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and such policy continue to exists to maintain an ethnic balance in the army.: 163 [142] Those who are turned away are strongly encourage to join the
Marines Corps or the
Air Force.[5]
In 1991, the department of the army drastically reduced the size of personnel from Punjab, downsizing the army personnel to 63%, and issues acceptable medical waivers interested enlists while encouraging citizens of
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and
Sindh. This decision has given a fair chance to every citizen of Pakistan to be part of the Pakistan Army as each district possesses a fixed percentage of seats in all branches of the Army, as per census records.[citation needed] By 2003â05, the department of army continued its policy by drastically downsizing the personnel from Punjab to 43â70%.[143]
The Department of Army has relaxed its recruitment and medical standards in
Sindh and
Balochistan where the height requirement of 5 feet 4 inches is considered acceptable even with the enlists educational level at eighth grade is acceptable for the waiver; since the army recruiters take responsibility of providing education to 12th grade to the interested enlists from Balochistan and Sindh.: 31 [9] In Punjab and
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa where the recruitment is popular, the height requirement remains to be at 5 feet 6 inches with minimum education of 10th grade.[9]
The army cadets undergo training in
Kakul at the
Pakistan Military Academy where basic training takes place. Such training usually lasts for two years until the cadets are able to meet their graduation requirements from the academy.[139] All the cadets have to attend and be trained at the PMA regardless of attending the military schools and colleges in other parts of the country.[139]
Duration wise, it is one of the longest military training period in the country, and the training continues for two years until the cadet is being able
pass out from the academy, before selecting the college to start the career of their choice in the military.[139]
Women have been part of the Pakistan Army since 1947, and currently there are approximately 4,000 women serving in the military.[144] In the years of 1947, '48 and '49, women were inducted into the Women's Guard Section of the
National Guard and trained in medical work, welfare, and clerical positions (this was later disbanded).[145] Pakistan Army has a separate cadet course for women which is known as 'Lady Cadet Course', female cadets are trained in
Pakistan Military Academy.[146] After induction, women army officers go through a six-month military training at the Pakistan Military Academy like their male counterparts. The comprehensive training includes military education and development of physical efficiency skills.[147]
Pakistan is the only Muslim-majority nation which appoints women to general officer ranks, such as
Major-GeneralShahida Malik, the first woman army officer and military physician by profession who was promoted to a two-star rank.[148] In July 2013, the Army trained female paratrooper officers for the first time.[149][150][151] In 2020,
Nigar Johar became the first female
Lieutenant General in the army, she was from the
Pakistan Army Medical Corps.[152]
The Army recruits from all religions in Pakistan including
Hindus,
Sikhs,
Zoroastrians,
Christians who have held command-level positions.[153] Religious services are provided by the Chaplain Corps for Muslims, Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, and Zoroastrians.[82]
In 1993, Major-General
Julian Peter was the first Christian to be appointed at the command position while
Hercharn Singh became the first Sikh to be commissioned in the army. Between 1947 and 2000, a policy of restricting
Hindus prior enlisting in the Pakistan Army was in practice until the policy was reversed by the federal government.[154] In 2006, army recruiters began recruiting Hindus into the army and people of all faith or no faith can be promoted to any rank or commanding position in the army.[155][156]
The defense funding for the army was preferential, which was described as the "lion's share", however, in light of
CPEC's security demanding to secure the seaborne borders, the army financial planners significantly lowered its share in a view of strengthening the under-funded
Pakistan navy.[159]
From 1947 to 1971, the
army service uniform of the Pakistan Army closely resembled to the
army uniform of the
British Army, but the uniform changed in preference of
Sherwani.[citation needed] The army service uniform in the Pakistan Army consists of the
Sherwani with two front pockets, cap of a synthetic material, trousers with two pockets, with Golden
Khaki colors.: 222 [160]
In the 1970s, the
Ministry of Defense introduced the first camouflage pattern in the
army combat uniform, resembling the British-styled
DPM but this was changed in 1990 in favor of adopting the
U.S. Woodland which continued until 2010.[161] In winter front such as in the
Siachen and near the
Wakhan Corridor, the Pakistan Army personnel wears the heavy winter all white military gear.[162]
As of 2011, the camouflage pattern of the brown and black
BDU was issued and is worn by the officers and the army troops in their times of deployments.[citation needed] The Pakistan Army has introduced arid camouflage patterns in uniform and resized qualification badges which are now service ribbons and no longer worn along with the ranks are now embroidered and are on the chest.[citation needed] The name is badged on the right pocket and the left pocket displays achievement badges by Pakistan Army.[citation needed]
Flag of Pakistan is placed over the black embroidered formation sign on the left arm and class course insignias are put up for the Goldish uniform,[citation needed] decorations and awards[citation needed] and the ranks.[citation needed]
Military Uniforms in the Pakistan Army
A Pak Army officer wearing the standard Sherwani-based
ceremonial uniform of the Pakistan Army
The standard
army service uniform of the Pakistan Army, worn by officers and enlisted personnel
Since its organization that commenced in 1947, the army's functionality is broadly maintained in two main branches: Combat Arms and Administrative Services.: 46 [37]: 570 [163] From 1947 to 1971, the Pakistan Army had responsibility of maintaining the British-built
Forts, till the new and modern garrisons were built in post 1971, and performs the non-combat duties such as engineering and construction.[5]
Currently, the Army's combat services are kept in active-duty personnel and reservists that operate as members of either
Reserves, the
National Guard and the paramilitary
Civil Armed Forces.[2] The latter includes the
Frontier Corps and the
Pakistan Rangers, which often perform military police duties for the provincial governments in Pakistan to help control and manage the law and control situation.[2]
The two main branches of the army, Combat Arms and Administrative Services, also consist of several branches and functional areas that include the
army officers,
junior commissioned (or
warrant officers), and the enlisted personnel who are classified from their branches in their uniforms and berets.[2] In Pakistan Army, the careers are not restricted to military officials but are extended to civilian personnel and contractors who can progress in administrative branches of the army.[3]
There are nine active Corps in the Pakistan Army, composing of mixed infantry, mechanized, armored, artillery divisions, while the
Air Defense,
Aviation, and the
Aviation and
Special Forces are organized and maintained in the separate level of their commands.[2][failed verification]
In events involving the large and massive foreign invasion by the
Indian Army charging towards the Pakistan-side
Punjab sector, the Pakistan Army maintains the "Pakistan Army Reserves" as a strategic
reserve component for conducting the offense and defense measures against the advancing enemy.[165]
Since its establishment in 1947, the Pakistan Army has traditionally followed the
Britishregimental system and culture, and currently there are six organized
infantry regiments.[166]
In the infantry branch, there are originally six regiments are in fact the administrative military organization that are not combat field formation, and the size of the regiments are vary as their rotation and deployments including
assisting the
federal government in
civic administration.[167]
In each of original six regiments, there are multiple battalions that are associated together to form an infantry regiment and such battalions do not fight together as one formation as they are all deployed over various formations in shape of being part of the
brigade combat team (under a
Brigadier),
division, or a being part of much larger
corps.[168]
After the independence from the
Great Britain in 1947, the Pakistan Army begin to follow the
U.S. Army's standing formation of their
Infantry Branch, having the infantry battalion serving for a time period under a different command zone before being deployed to another command zone, usually in another sector or terrain when its tenure is over.[168]
Each battalion in the
Pakistan Army Special Forces is specifically trained for a specific type of operation, and each battalion is a specialist in their nature of conducting the operation.[171] Due to their distinctive service headgear, the Army SSG is colloquially known as the Maroon Berets.[171]
In addition to the Army Special Service Group (SSG), the Pakistan Army has trained specialized
Ranger units in counter-terrorism tactics. These Rangers are equipped to handle complex counter-terrorism operations involving civilian hostages and assist the Sindh and Punjab governments in maintaining law and order.[172]
In 1947, the Pakistan Army's war strategists developed a combat doctrine which was called "
The Riposte", which featured a strategy of "offensive-defense".: 310 [173][174] In 1989, the first and official implementation of this strategy was refined and featured in the major military exercise,
Exercise Zab-e-Momin, organized under
Lt-Gen.Hamid Gul[175]â this combat doctrine was fully focused in engaging towards its primary adversary,
Indian Army.: 310 [173]
In 1989â99, the
JS HQ, working with the Army GHQ to identify several key factors considering the large conventional attacks from the better equipped and numerically advantage adversary, the
Indian Army, derived the combat doctrine to assess the vulnerability of Pakistan where its vast majority of
population centers as well as political and military targets lies closer to the
international border with
India.[176]
The national security strategists explored the controversial idea of
strategic depth in form of fomenting friendly foreign relations with
Afghanistan and
Iran while India substantially enhancing its offensive capabilities designed in its doctrine, the
Cold Start Doctrine.[176] Due to the numerical advantage of
Indian Army over its smaller adversary, the Pakistan Army, the Pakistani national security analysts noted that any counterattack on advancing Indian Army would be very tricky and miscalculated â the ideal response of countering the attacks from the Indian ground forces would be operationalizing the
battle-rangedHatf-IA/
Hatf-IB missiles.[176] In times of national emergency, the Pakistan Army Reserves, supported by the
National Guard and
Civil Armed Forces, would likely be deployed to reinforce defensive positions and fortifications.[177] However, after the orders are authorized the Corps in both nation's will take between 24 and 72 hours to completely mobilize their combat assets. Therefore, both nation's armies will be evenly matched in the first 24 hours since the Pakistani units have to travel a shorter distance to their forward positions.[177]
Pakistan's military doctrine emphasizes a proactive defense, also referred to as "offensive-defense". This strategy prioritizes seizing the initiative in a conflict and launching limited counteroffensives to preempt potential enemy advances.[177] Proponents of Pakistan's "offensive-defense" doctrine argue that it offers several advantages. One key benefit is the potential to disrupt an enemy's offensive plans, forcing them to shift focus from their initial attack to defending their own territory. This could place Pakistan in a more favorable position by dictating the terms of engagement on the battlefield.[177] The strategic calculations by Pakistan Army's war strategists hope that the Pakistan Army's soldiers would keep the Indian Army engaged in fighting on the Indian territory, therefore the collateral damage being suffered by the Indian Army will be higher.[177] Pakistani planners also estimate that since Indian forces will not be able to reach their maximum strength near the border for another 48â72 hours, Pakistan might have parity or numerical superiority against India.[177] An important aspect in "offensive-defense" doctrine was to seize sizable Indian territory which gives Pakistan an issue to negotiate with India in the aftermath of a possible ceasefire brought about by the international pressure after 3â4 weeks of fighting.[177]
Due to fortification of
LoC in
Kashmir and difficult terrains in Northern Punjab, the Army created the
Pakistan Army Reserves in the 1990s that is concentrated in the desert terrain of
Sindh-
Rajasthan sector, The Army Reserve South of the
Pakistan Army Reserves is grouped in several powerful field-level corps and designed to provide defensive maneuvers in case of war with the Indian Army.[177]
After the failure of the "Offensive-defense" in 1999, the national security institutions engaged in
critical thinking to evaluate new doctrine that would provide a comprehensive
grand strategy against the infiltrating enemy forces, and development began 2010â11 for the new combat doctrine.[178] In 2013, the new combat doctrine, the
Threat Matrix, was unveiled by the
ISPR, that was the first time in its history that the army's national security analysts realized that Pakistan faces a real threat from within, a threat that is concentrated in areas along western borders.[178] The Threat Matrix doctrine analyze the military's comprehensive operational priorities and goes beyond in comprehensively describing both existential and non-existential threats to the country.[178]
Based on that strategy in 2013, the Pakistani military organized a four-tier joint military exercise, code-named:
Exercise Azm-e-Nau, in which the aim was to update the military's "readiness strategy for dealing with the complex security threat environment."[179] The objective of such exercises is to assess tactics, procedures, and techniques, and explore joint operations strategies involving all three branches of the military: the Army,
Air Force, and
Navy.[179] In successive years, the Pakistani military combined all the branch-level exercises into
joint warfare exercises, in which all four branches now participate, regardless of the terrain, platforms, and control of command.[179]
The Pakistan Army offers wide range of extensive and lucrative careers in the military to young high school graduates and the college degree holders upon enlistment, and Pakistan Army operates the large number of training schools in all over the country.[180] The overall directions and management of the
army training schools are supervised and controlled by the policies devised by the
Education Corps, and philosophy on instructions in army schools involves in modern education with combat training.[181]
At the time of its establishment of the Pakistan Army in 1947, the
Command and Staff College in Quetta was inherited to Pakistan, and is the oldest college established during the
colonial period in
India in
1905.[182] The
British officers in the Pakistan Army had to established the wide range of schools to provide education and to train the army personnel in order to raise the dedicated and professional army.[183] The wide range of military officers in the Pakistani military were sent to attend the staff colleges in the
United States,
United Kingdom,
Australia, and
Canada who were trained and excelled in courses in armory, infantry, artillery, and ordnance in 1950â1961.: 293 [137]
The
United States eventually took over the overall training programs in the Pakistan Army under the
International Military Education and Training (IMET) but the U.S. coordination with Pakistan varied along with the vicissitudes of the
military relations between
two countries.: 12 [184] In the 1980s, the army had sent ~200 army officers abroad annually, two-thirds actually decided to attend schooling in the
United States but the cessation of the United States' aid to Pakistan led the suspension of the
IMET, leading Pakistani military officers to choose the schooling in the
United Kingdom.: 294 [137]
The Pakistan Army's training schools are not restricted to the department of the army only but inter-services officers and personnel have been trained and educated as part of the interdepartmental cooperation.[180] The Pakistan Army takes responsibility of providing the military training and education to
Pakistan Marines at their School of Infantry and Tactics, and military officers in other branches have attended and qualified
psc from the
Command and Staff College in Quetta.[180] Officers holding the ranks of
captains,
majors,
lieutenants and
lieutenant-commanders in marines are usually invited to attend the courses at the Command and Staff College in Quetta to be qualified as
psc.: 9 [46]
Established in 1971, the
National Defense University (NDU) in
Islamabad is the senior and higher education learning institution that provides the advance
critical thinking level and research-based
strategy level education to the senior military officers in the Pakistani military.[186] The
NDU in Islamabad is a significant institution of higher learning in understanding the institutional norms of military tutelage in Pakistan because it constitutes the "highest learning platform where the military leadership comes together for common instruction", according to thesis written by Pakistani author Aqil Shah.: 8 [46] Without securing their
graduation from their master's program, no officer in the Pakistani military can be promoted as general in the army or air force, or admiral in the navy as it is a prerequisite for their promotion to become a senior member at the
Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.: 8â9 [46]
Besides, the platform provided at the
NDU in Islamabad represents a radical shift from the emphasis on operational and staff functions and the level of ranks are imposed as a qualification to attend the
master's program at the
NDU, usually
brigadiers,
air commodores, and
commodores, are invited to given admission in a broad range of strategic, political, social, and economic factors as these factors affect the country's national security.: 8â9 [46] In this sense, the
NDU becomes the critical thinking institution as its constitutes active-duty senior military officers corps' baptism into a shared ideological framework about the military's appropriate role, status, and behavior in relation to state and society, and shared values affect how these officers perceive and respond to civilian governmental decisions, policies, and political crises.: 9â10 [187] Admissions to the army's military engineering colleges and
NDU is not restricted to military officials but the civilians can also attend and graduate from the NDU, allowing the civilians to explore the broader aspects of national security.: 8â9 [46]
The foreign military officials and students, including from the
United States, have attended the Command and Staff College in Quetta and the
National Defense University (NDU) in
Islamabad but the American instructors and observers have penned critical analysis by reporting the curriculum offered by the Command and Staff College in Quetta to be narrow focus and failure to encourage speculative thinking or to give adequate attention to less glamorous subjects, such as logistics.: 293 [137]: 518 [189]
The Corps of Engineers are the major civil engineering contractor and engineering consultant employed by the
federal government, advising on construction management and on to improving the efficiency of construction measures in times of natural calamities.[190]
The Pakistan Army's landmark civil engineering projects included the
Lyari Expressway in Karachi,
Makran Coastal Highway in
Balochistan and the
Khanpur Dam in
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.[190] Besides their infrastructure projects in Pakistan, the Pakistan Army has built several infrastructures projects in other parts of the world as part their deployment in United Nation's peacekeeping missions.[190]
In the wake of the new world power equilibrium, a more complex security environment has emerged. It's characterized by growing national power politics.
The total number of Pakistani troops serving in peacekeeping missions is 7,533, as of August 2015, which is one of the biggest number among rest of participants.[192]
The Pakistan Army has played an integral part in the civil society of Pakistan, almost since its inception.[193] In 1996, General Jehangir Karamat described Pakistan armed forces' relations with the society:
In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all is a mirror image of the civil society from which it is drawn.
â General Jehangir Karamat on civil societyâmilitary relations[193]
In times of national calamities and natural disasters, including the devastating
earthquake in 2005 or the
great floods in 2010, the army engineering corps, medical, logistical personnel, and other armed forces services have played a major role in
area rehabilitation and reconstruction of cities and towns while distributing the relief goods and
military rations to the affected civilians.[194] Since 1948, the army has been involved in providing power generation to affected areas, building dams, and construction of towns and cities, and conducting rescue operations for evacuations of general public and animals from endangerment.[194]
Stephen P. Cohen in his article, Pakistan: Army, Society and Security writes:
There are armies which guard their nationâs borders, there are armies which are concerned with protecting their own position in society, and there are armies which defend a cause or an idea. The Pakistan Army does all three.
The Pakistan Army's business interests, managed through foundations like the Fauji Foundation, have been a subject of international scrutiny. News agencies and investigations by financial regulators allege the military controls a vast network of business enterprises and conglomerates, with estimates suggesting a total revenue of US$20 billion in 2007-2008.[198] The
Defence Housing Authority (DHA) and
Askari Real Estate are prominent examples of the Pakistan Army's large-scale real estate ventures. However, critics point out that none of the 46 housing schemes directly built by the armed forces cater to ordinary soldiers, civilian officers or other army personnel.[199]
The
Fauji Foundation (lit. "Soldier Foundation") is a Pakistani conglomerate publicly traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). It manufactures and sells processed meat, and operates stud and dairy farms primarily for the military's use. The foundation also has subsidiaries that contribute to the civilian economy through various enterprises, including bakeries, security services and banking. Its factories produce a wide range of goods, including sugar and fertilizer.[198]
Nishan-e-Haider (lit. Order of Lion) Nine out of ten Army personnel have been posthumously honoured
In
military awards hierarchy, the
Nishan-e-Haidar (lit. Order of Lion;
Urdu: ÙŰŽŰ§Ù ŰÛۯ۱) is the highest and most prestigious honour awarded posthumously for bravery and actions of valor in event of war.: 220 [201] The honour is a namesake of
Ali and the recipients receiving this honorary title as a sign of respect: Shaheed meaning martyr.: 4 [202]
Since 1947â2019, there has been ten Pakistani military officers and personnel who have honoured with this prestigious medalâ out of which, nine have been officers and soldiers in the Pakistan Army, bestowed to those who engaged in wars with India.[203]
The Pakistan Army has received foreign awards for its services to other nations. Notably, two army pilots from the
Aviation Corps were honored for a daring rescue operation. Lt-Col. Rashiduhlla Beg and Lt-Col. Khalid Amir were awarded the Golden Order for Services by the Slovenian President in the capital, Ljubljana, for rescuing Slovenian mountaineer Tomaz Humar, who was stranded on the 8,125-meter (26,657 ft) peak Nanga Parbat.[204]
In addition, there are numbers of the army general officers have been honoured multiple times with the United States's
Legion of Merit for cooperation and strengthening bilateral ties with the United States 1980sâ2015.: 261 [205] In 2010, the Pakistan Army was awarded with a
gold medal at the
Exercise Cambrian Patrol held in Wales in the
United Kingdom.[206][207]
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ISBN984-401-455-7. (A Bengali-language book about the history of Pakistan Army)
Paul Staniland, Adnan Naseemullah & Ahsan Butt (2020) "Pakistan's military elite." Journal of Strategic Studies, 43:1, 74-103
External links
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