| Paget–Schrotter disease | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Paget–von Schrötter disease |
 | |
| Anterior view of right upper limb and thorax | |
| Specialty | Vascular surgery |
| Named after | |
Paget–Schroetter disease (which evolved from a venous thoracic outlet syndrome) is a form of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a medical condition in which blood clots form in the deep veins of the arms. These DVTs typically occur in the axillary and/or subclavian veins. [1]
Signs and symptoms
The condition is relatively rare. [2] It usually presents in young and otherwise healthy patients, and also occurs more often in males than females. The syndrome also became known as "effort-induced thrombosis" in the 1960s, [3] as it has been reported to occur after vigorous activity, [4] though it can also occur due to anatomic abnormality such as clavicle impingement [5] or spontaneously. It may develop as a sequela of thoracic outlet syndrome. It is differentiated from secondary causes of upper extremity thrombosis caused by intravascular catheters. [4] Paget–Schroetter syndrome was described once for a viola player who suddenly increased practice time 10-fold, creating enough repetitive pressure against the brachiocephalic and external jugular veins to cause thrombosis. [6]
Symptoms may include sudden onset of pain, warmth, redness, blueness and swelling in the arm. Diagnosis is usually confirmed with an ultrasound. [7] These DVTs have the potential to cause a pulmonary embolism. [8]
Diagnosis
Duplex ultrasonography MR Venography[ citation needed]
Prevention
Prevention of Paget–Schroetter disease can be accomplished by gradual increases in activity and by avoiding strenuous upper extremity activity. [9]
Treatment
The traditional treatment for thrombosis is the same as for a lower extremity DVT, and involves systemic anticoagulation to prevent a pulmonary embolus. [10] Some have also recommended thrombolysis with catheter directed alteplase or mechanical thrombectomy with a large bore catheter and manual aspiration providing definitive intervention with an endovascular approach. [11] If there is thoracic outlet syndrome or other anatomical cause then surgery can be considered to correct the underlying defect. [12]
History
The condition is named after two men. James Paget [13] first proposed the idea of venous thrombosis causing upper extremity pain and swelling, [14] and Leopold von Schrötter later linked the clinical syndrome to thrombosis of the axillary and subclavian veins. [15]
References
- ^ Hughes, E. S. R. (1949-02-01). "Venous obstruction in the upper extremity; Paget-Schroetter's syndrome; a review of 320 cases". Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics. 88 (2): 89–127. ISSN 0039-6087. PMID 18108679.
- ^ Hughes, ES (1949). "Venous obstruction in the upper extremity; Paget–Schroetter's syndrome; a review of 320 cases". Surg Gynecol Obstet. 88 (2): 89–127. PMID 18108679.
- ^ Drapanas, T; Curran, WL (1966). "Thrombectomy in the treatment of "effort" thrombosis of the axillary and subclavian veins". Journal of Trauma. 6 (6): 107–19. doi: 10.1097/00005373-196601000-00012. PMID 5901846.
- ^ a b Flinterman LE, Van Der Meer FJ, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJ (Aug 2008). "Current perspective of venous thrombosis in the upper extremity" (PDF). Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 6 (8): 1262–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03017.x. PMID 18485082.
- ^ Peivandi, Mohammad Taghi; Nazemian, Zohreh (2011). "Clavicular Fracture and Upper-Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis". Orthopedics. 34 (3): 227. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20110124-28. PMID 21410116.
- ^ Reina, Nick J.; Honet, Joseph C.; Brown, William; Beitman, Max; Chodoroff, Gary (1988). "Paget-Schroetter syndrome in a viola player". Medical Problems of Performing Artists. 3 (1): 24.
- ^ Di Nisio, M.; Van Sluis, G. L.; Bossuyt, P. M. M.; Büller, H. R.; Porreca, E.; Rutjes, A. W. S. (2010-04-01). "Accuracy of diagnostic tests for clinically suspected upper extremity deep vein thrombosis: a systematic review". Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 8 (4): 684–692. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03771.x. ISSN 1538-7836. PMID 20141579.
- ^ Mai, Cuc; Hunt, Daniel (2011-05-01). "Upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis: a review". The American Journal of Medicine. 124 (5): 402–407. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.11.022. ISSN 1555-7162. PMID 21531227.
- ^ Madden CC, Putukian M, Young CC, McCarty EC. Netter's Sports Medicine. Saunders. Philadelphia, 2010.
- ^ Kearon, Clive; Akl, Elie A.; Comerota, Anthony J.; Prandoni, Paolo; Bounameaux, Henri; Goldhaber, Samuel Z.; Nelson, Michael E.; Wells, Philip S.; Gould, Michael K. (2012-02-01). "Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines". Chest. 141 (2 Suppl): e419S–94S. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-2301. ISSN 1931-3543. PMC 3278049. PMID 22315268.
- ^ Vik, Anders; Holme, Pål Andre; Singh, Kulbir; Dorenberg, Eric; Nordhus, Kåre Christian; Kumar, Satish; Hansen, John-Bjarne (2009-09-01). "Catheter-directed thrombolysis for treatment of deep venous thrombosis in the upper extremities". CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology. 32 (5): 980–987. doi: 10.1007/s00270-009-9655-y. ISSN 1432-086X. PMID 19641959. S2CID 8572126.
- ^ Thompson, J. F.; Winterborn, R. J.; Bays, S.; White, H.; Kinsella, D. C.; Watkinson, A. F. (2011-10-01). "Venous thoracic outlet compression and the Paget-Schroetter syndrome: a review and recommendations for management". CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology. 34 (5): 903–910. doi: 10.1007/s00270-011-0148-4. ISSN 1432-086X. PMID 21448772. S2CID 13162412.
- ^ Paget-von Schrötter disease at Who Named It?
- ^ Paget J (1866). "On gouty and some other forms of phlebitis". St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports. 2: 82–92.
- ^ L. von Schrötter. Erkrankungen der Gefässe. Nothnagel’s Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie, 1901. Volume XV, II. Theil, II. Hälfte: Erkrankungen der Venen. Wien, Hölder, 1899: 533–535.