Global studies – interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary academic study of globalizing forces and trends. Global studies may include the investigation of one or more aspects of globalization, but tend to concentrate on how globalizing trends are redefining the relationships between states, organizations, societies, communities, and individuals, creating new challenges that cannot be solved by nations or markets alone.[3] Study of the factors contributing to globalization may originate in many academic concentrations, such as
political science,
economics, and
sociology.
The
Archaic period is defined as events and developments from the time of the earliest civilizations until roughly 1600.
The period of
Proto-globalization roughly spans the years between 1600 and 1800. It was largely shaped in this era by the operations of
colonialism.
The Modern period of
globalization covers from the 19th century until the present time.
Imperialism and
industrialization have figured largely in shaping modern globalizing forces and trends.
Globalization concepts
Links below are to articles, unless otherwise specified.
Globalization-related theories
Since globalization is not an independent phenomenon but is highly interrelated with world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture, explanations of why globalization occurs and what the effects of globalization are or can be expected are related to theories ranging from
economic development to
revolutionary socialism.
International business development and the organization of business and trade worldwide are fundamental aspects of globalization and the development of globalizing systems.
Economic globalization – increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-border movement of goods, services, technology, and capital. International economic activities and institutions that influence or characterize economic globalization include:
The
natural environment can be contrasted with the
built environment, comprising the areas and components that are strongly influenced by humans. In the age of globalization, few absolutely natural environments remain.
Human challenges to the natural environment, such as
climate change, cross-boundary water and air
pollution,
over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread of
invasive species require at least transnational and, often, global solutions.
Processes of globalization present humankind with many issues that are considered problematic in at least one culture or society, and often multiple societies.
^Albrow, Martin and Elizabeth King (eds.) (1990). Globalization, Knowledge and Society London: Sage.
ISBN978-0803983243 p. 8. "...all those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world society."
^Stever, H. Guyford (1972). "Science, Systems, and Society." Journal of Cybernetics, 2(3):1–3.
doi:
10.1080/01969727208542909
^Berg, Andrew G.; Ostry, Jonathan D. (2011).
"Equality and Efficiency". Finance and Development. 48 (3). International Monetary Fund. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
Further reading
Barbara, Christopher (2008). International legal personality: Panacea or pandemonium? Theorizing about the individual and the state in the era of globalization. Saarbrücken:
Verlag Dr. Müller.
ISBN978-3-639-11514-7.
Reinsdorf, Marshall and Matthew J. Slaughter (2009). International Trade in Services and Intangibles in the Era of Globalization. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
ISBN978-0-226-70959-8.
Tausch, Arno (2008). Multicultural Europe: Effects of the Global Lisbon Process. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers.
ISBN978-1-60456-806-6.
Tausch, Arno (2015). The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world. With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui (1st ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York.
ISBN978-1-62948-899-8.
Osle, Rafael Domingo (2010). The New Global Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN9780521193870.