Genus of fungi
Ophiocordyceps is a
genus of
fungi within the
family
Ophiocordycipitaceae .
[2] The widespread genus, first described scientifically by British
mycologist
Tom Petch in 1931,
[3] contains about 140 species that grow on insects.
[4]
Anamorphic genera that correspond with Ophiocordyceps species are
Hirsutella ,
Hymenostilbe ,
Isaria ,
Paraisaria , and
Syngliocladium .
[5]
One
species complex ,
Ophiocordyceps unilateralis , is known for its
parasitism on
ants , in which it alters the behavior of the ants in such a way as to propagate itself more effectively, killing the ant and then growing its fruiting bodies from the ant's head and releasing its
spores .
[6]
[7]
[8]
As the Ophiocordyceps-infected ant bites onto a surface, the fungus shrinks the muscle in the ant’s head, releasing chemicals that doesn’t invade the ant's brain (Bekker, 2019) .
To accomplish this, infected ants are stripped of their instinctive fear of heights, and leaving the relative safety of their nests, climb up the nearest plant—a syndrome known as "summit disease"
.
[9]
The ant clamps it jaws around the plant in a "death grip" and following, mycelia grow from the ant's feet and stitch them to the surface of the plant.
[9] The spores released from the ant carcass fall to the ground and infect other ants that come in contact with the spores so that this cycle continues.
[10] Areas with high densities of ants that have this fungus growing out of them are known as graveyards.
[11]
A 48-million-year-old fossil of an ant in the death-grip of Ophiocordyceps unilateralis was discovered in Germany.
[12]
Sources and uses
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a species that infects the larvae of moths, mostly ants, and has been used in
traditional Chinese medicine .
[13]
[14]
[15] Although some research says it has anti-inflammatory effects, there is currently no
scientific evidence that use of this species has any clinically detectable effect on human diseases.
[14]
Species
Reference:
[16]
In popular culture
Simply referred to as "cordyceps", an unspecified species is the cause of a worldwide pandemic and the zombie-like "infected" in the 2013 video game
The Last of Us and its 2023
television adaptation .
In the 2014 novel
The Girl with All the Gifts and its 2016
film adaptation , a mutation of
Ophiocordyceps unilateralis is responsible for an infection that causes the collapse of civilization.
In the 2022 comic-book series
Poison Ivy written by
G. Willow Wilson , the titular character makes use of a fictitious species belonging to this genus.
The
Pokémon
Paras and
Parasect are based on insects parasitized by Ophiocordyceps .
See also
References
^
"Ophiocordyceps Petch 1931" . MycoBank . International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-07-19 .
^ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM (December 2007).
"Outline of Ascomycota – 2007" . Myconet . 13 . Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany: 1–58.
^ Petch T. (1931).
"Notes on entomogenous fungi" . Transactions of the British Mycological Society . 16 (1): 55–75.
doi :
10.1016/S0007-1536(31)80006-3 .
^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 483.
ISBN
978-0-85199-826-8 .
^ Sung G-H, Hywel-Jones NL, Sung J-M, Luangsa-ard JJ, Shrestha B, Spatafora JW (2007).
"Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi" . Studies in Mycology . 57 : 5–59.
doi :
10.3114/sim.2007.57.01 .
PMC
2104736 .
PMID
18490993 .
^ Bhanoo SN (24 August 2010).
"In Fossilized Leaf, Clues to a Zombie Ant" . The New York Times .
^ Zimmer C (24 October 2019).
"After This Fungus Turns Ants Into Zombies, Their Bodies Explode" . The New York Times .
^ Evans HC, Elliot SL, Hughes DP (March 2011).
"Hidden diversity behind the zombie-ant fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis: four new species described from carpenter ants in Minas Gerais, Brazil" . PLOS ONE . 6 (3): e17024.
Bibcode :
2011PLoSO...617024E .
doi :
10.1371/journal.pone.0017024 .
PMC
3047535 .
PMID
21399679 .
^
a
b Sheldrake, Merlin (2021). Entangled Life . New York: Random House. p. 96.
ISBN
978-0-525-51032-1 .
^ Pontoppidan, Maj-Britt; Himaman, Winanda; Hywel-Jones, Nigel L.; Boomsma, Jacobus J.; Hughes, David P. (2009-03-12).
"Graveyards on the Move: The Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dead Ophiocordyceps-Infected Ants" . PLOS ONE . 4 (3): e4835.
Bibcode :
2009PLoSO...4.4835P .
doi :
10.1371/journal.pone.0004835 .
ISSN
1932-6203 .
PMC
2652714 .
PMID
19279680 .
^ Pontoppidan, Maj-Britt; Himaman, Winanda; Hywel-Jones, Nigel L.; Boomsma, Jacobus J.; Hughes, David P. (2009-03-12).
"Graveyards on the Move: The Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dead Ophiocordyceps-Infected Ants" . PLOS ONE . 4 (3): e4835.
Bibcode :
2009PLoSO...4.4835P .
doi :
10.1371/journal.pone.0004835 .
ISSN
1932-6203 .
PMC
2652714 .
PMID
19279680 .
^ Hughes, David P.; Wappler, Torsten; Labandeira, Conrad C. (2011-02-23).
"Ancient death-grip leaf scars reveal ant–fungal parasitism" . Biology Letters . 7 (1): 67–70.
doi :
10.1098/rsbl.2010.0521 .
PMC
3030878 .
PMID
20719770 .
^ Xu, Jin; Huang, Ying; Chen, Xiang-Xiang; Zheng, Shuai-Chao; Chen, Peng; Mo, Ming-He (October 2016).
"The Mechanisms of Pharmacological Activities of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Fungi: Pharmacological Mechanisms of O . sinensis " . Phytotherapy Research . 30 (10): 1572–1583.
doi :
10.1002/ptr.5673 .
PMID
27373780 .
S2CID
2985175 .
^
a
b
"Cordyceps" . Drugs.com. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021 .
^ Yue, K; Ye, M; Zhou, Z; Sun, W; Lin, X (April 2013).
"The genus Cordyceps : a chemical and pharmacological review" . The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology . 65 (4): 474–93.
doi :
10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01601.x .
PMID
23488776 .
^ Araújo JP, Evans HC, Kepler R, Hughes DP (June 2018).
"Ophiocordyceps. I. Myrmecophilous hirsutelloid species" . Studies in Mycology . 90 : 119–160.
doi :
10.1016/j.simyco.2017.12.002 .
PMC
6002356 .
PMID
29910522 .
^ Kate Golembiewski:
Mystery parasites on zombie ant fungus identified by scientists . CNN, Fri November 18, 2022. Source:
doi:10.1534/g3.120.401290
PMID 32354705
PMC
7341126 .
External links