| Operation Fiery Vigil | |
|---|---|
 Evacuees collecting supplies at Clark Air Base | |
| Location | Philippines
|
| Objective | Evacuate U.S. personnel in the aftermath of the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo |
| Date | June 1991 |
Operation Fiery Vigil was the emergency evacuation of all non-essential military and U.S. Department of Defense civilian personnel and their dependents from Clark Air Base and U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay during the June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Republic of the Philippines.
This Non-combatant evacuation operation transferred roughly 20,000 people from Clark Air Base and U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay back to contiguous United States by way of Cebu, Philippines. Major General William A. Studer, Commander, Thirteenth Air Force, served as Commander Joint Task Force - Fiery Vigil. [1]
Timeline
- 16 July 1990
- A 7.8 Mw earthquake strikes the island of Luzon, Philippines. The epicenter was near the town of Rizal, Nueva Ecija, roughly 60 kilometers (37 mi) from Mount Pinatubo. This earthquake caused a landslide, some local tremors, and a brief increase in steam emissions from a preexisting geothermal area at Mount Pinatubo. [2]
- March–June 1991
- Magma rising toward the surface from more than 32 kilometers (20 mi) beneath Mount Pinatubo triggered small earthquakes and caused powerful steam explosions that blasted three craters on the north flank of the volcano. Thousands of small earthquakes occurred beneath Pinatubo, and many thousands of tons of sulfur dioxide gas were emitted by the volcano. [2]
- 7 June 1991
- First magmatic eruptions, resulting in the formation of a 660-foot (200 m) high lava dome at the summit of the volcano.
- 10 June 1991
- after receiving final authorization from the Secretary of Defense, all non-essential military and Department of Defense civilian personnel and their dependents initiated land evacuation from Clark Air Base at 0600 local time. This land evacuation brought an estimated 15,000 personnel and several thousand vehicles onto U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay.
- 12–14 June 1991
- Several waves of eruptions generated eruption columns up to 80,000 feet (24,000 m) in altitude and pyroclastic flows (high speed avalanches of superheated gas and tephra) extending out to four kilometers (2.5 mi) from the summit. These eruptions were accompanied by nearly continuous seismic activity and expulsion of huge quantities of ash, tephra, and volcanic bombs.
- 15 June 1991
- Major eruption of Mount Pinatubo, sending ash and tephra over 100,000 feet (30,000 m) into the air. Clark Air Base and Subic Bay Naval Station, the two largest U.S. military bases in the Philippines, were heavily damaged by ash from this volcanic eruption. [2] Nearly one foot of ash sodden by rain from Typhoon Yunya (1991) accumulated on both Clark Air Base and U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay. Many buildings collapsed under the weight of the accumulated ash, and all flight operations were suspended at both bases for many days or even weeks afterwards.
Aftermath
The 1991 Ultra-Plinian eruption of Mount Pinatubo was the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century (surpassed only by the 1912 eruption of Novarupta), and the largest eruption in living memory. The eruption produced high-speed pyroclastic flows, giant lahars, and a cloud of volcanic ash hundreds of miles across. [2] Twenty million tons of sulfur dioxide [3] and roughly 11 cubic kilometers (2.6 cu mi) of tephra [4] [5] are estimated to have been ejected in total, which corresponds to a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 6. [6] By contrast, roughly four cubic kilometres (0.96 cu mi) of material was ejected in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens; this corresponds to a VEI of 5. [7]
Very few of the estimated 20,000 who left the base ever returned. The vast majority were evacuated to Andersen Air Force Base, Guam and processed for return to the continental United States. This figure includes approximately 5,000 who were evacuated to Cebu City on USS Midway, [8] USS Abraham Lincoln, USS Long Beach, USS Peleliu, USS Arkansas, USS Gary, USS San Bernardino, USS Rodney M. Davis, USS Ingraham, USS Lake Champlain, and sixteen other U.S. Navy ships of the task force including the forward-deployed, Guam-based World War II-era submarine tender USS Proteus. USS Cape Cod was the first ship to enter Subic Bay and provided fresh water, manufactured coffins and volcanic ash shovels to assist SRF Subic Bay and the base with recovery and rescue operations.[ citation needed]
- 22 June 1991
- A team of 11 engineers and utility systems specialists from Headquarters Pacific Air Forces and the 554th Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron Engineers arrives at Clark Air Base to assess the damage caused by Mount Pinatubo to determine the fate of the base.
- 12 July 1991
- U.S. Secretary of the Air Force announces U.S. Air Force will leave the Philippines no later than 16 September 1992.
- 4 September 1991
- A lahar, 20 to 40 feet (6.1 to 12.2 m) high and almost 200 feet (61 m) wide, smashed along the southern boundary of Clark Air Base, sweeping away a security policeman who was subsequently rescued.
- 5 November 1991
- Secretary of the Air Force visits Clark Air Base and pays tribute to the "Ash Warriors", personnel who had remained throughout the volcanic activity and cleanup.
- 26 November 1991
- American flag lowered for the last time by the Ash Warriors; Clark Air Base turned over to the Philippines, ending over 90 years of U.S. presence.
See also
References
- ^ Anderegg 2000
- ^ a b c d Newhall C, Hendley II JW, Stauffer PH (2005). "The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines". U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113–97. Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
- ^ Robock A, Ammann CM, Oman L, Shindell D, Levis S, Stenchikov G (2009). "Did the Toba volcanic eruption of ~74k B.P. produce widespread glaciation?". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (D10): D10107. Bibcode: 2009JGRD..11410107R. doi: 10.1029/2008JD011652.
- ^ Global Volcanism Program. "Large Holocene Eruptions". Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
- ^ Judy Fierstein; Wes Hildreth (2001). "Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for the Katmai volcanic cluster, Alaska". U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 00–0489. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
- ^ "Pinatubo: Eruptive History". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
- ^ Harris, SL (2005). Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes. Roadside Geology Series (3rd ed.). Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-87842-220-3.
- ^ Zingheim, Karl (25 February 2019). "Midway's Operation Fiery Vigil". USS Midway Museum. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
- C.R. Anderegg, "The Ash Warriors," Office of PACAF History, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, 2000. Printed in Hawaii by Valenti Print Group. Anderegg was a former deputy commander of the 3rd Tactical Fighter Wing.