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Graph of US proven oil reserves through 2012
Although the US proved oil reserves grew by 3.8 billion barrels in 2011, even after deducting 2.07 billion barrels of production, only 8% of the 5.84 billion barrels of the newly booked oil was due to new field discoveries (US EIA)

Within the petroleum industry, proven crude oil reserves in the United States were 44.4 billion barrels (7.06×109 m3) of crude oil as of the end of 2021, excluding the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. [1]

In 2012, the Energy Information Administration using data compiled by the United States Geological Survey under the Department of the Interior estimated US undiscovered, technically recoverable oil resources to be an additional 198 billion barrels. [2] [3] [4]

History

Over 1 million exploratory and developmental crude oil wells have been drilled in the US since 1949 to estimate the undiscovered, technically recoverable oil in the United States. [5]

The last comprehensive National Assessment was completed in 1995. Since 2000 the USGS has been re-assessing basins of the U.S. that are considered to be priorities for oil and gas resources; re-assessing 22, and has plans to re-assess 10 more basins. These 32 basins represent about 97% of the discovered and undiscovered oil and gas resources of the United States. The three areas considered to hold the most oil are the coastal plain (1002) area of ANWR, the National Petroleum Reserve of Alaska, and the Bakken Formation.

Proved reserves major discoveries

United States oil production peaked in 1970.

In 1970, the supergiant Prudhoe Bay Oil Field was discovered in Alaska. [6]

Reserves to production ratio

Monthly production trends in the top five oil-producing states in the US
Ratio of United States proved oil reserves to annual production
Main article: Reserves-to-production ratio

The reserves-to-production ratio (R/P) was 11.08 years in 1970. It hit a trough of 8.49 years in 1986 as oil pumped through the Alaska pipeline began to peak. [7] R/P was 11.26 years in 2007.

Production impacts

In 1970, local peak production was 10,044 million  bbl (1,597 million  m3) per day in November 1970. [8] Total production of crude oil from 1970 through 2006 was 102 billion barrels (16.2×10^9 m3), or roughly five and a half times the proved reserves over the same timeframe when taking into account the decreasing proved reserves. [7]

When global oil prices (approximately US$147.50) peaked in summer 2008 many petroleum oil extraction projects were brought online, allowing annual production to steadily increase, with one year of decline in 2020 attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2012 the oil production of the US increased by 800,000 barrels per day, the highest ever recorded increase in one year since oil drilling began in 1859. [9] In April 2013, US crude production was at a more than 20-year high, aided by the shale gas and tight oil boom; with production near 7.2 million barrels per day. [10] In November 2019, peak production was 13,000 million  bbl (2,067 million  m3) per day. [8] With increased production, experts think that the US could pass Saudi Arabia as the largest oil producer. [11]

Consumption and net imports

Consuming less or importing more oil prolongs the useful life of existing oil reserves.

Between 1970 and 2007, due to declining production and increasing demand, net US imports of oil and petroleum products increased from 3.16 million barrels per day (502×10^3 m3/d) in 1970 to 12.04 million barrels per day (1.914×10^6 m3/d) in 2007, before declining as domestic production ramped up.

In 2007 the largest net suppliers of petroleum products to the US were Canada and Mexico, which supplied 2.2 and 1.3 Mbbl/d (350×10^3 and 210×10^3 m3/d).

In 2011, the US consumed 18.8 million barrels of petroleum products per day, and imported a net 8.4 million barrels per day; the EIA reported the United States "Dependence on Net Petroleum Imports" in 2011 as 45% accouting for nearly 50% of the US trade deficit in 2011. [12]

For a brief period during 2008–2009 the US became a net exporter of refined oil products.

Strategic Petroleum Reserve

Main article: Strategic Petroleum Reserve (United States)

The United States maintains a Strategic Petroleum Reserve at four sites on the Gulf of Mexico, with a total capacity of 727 million barrels (115.6×10^6 m3) of crude oil. The maximum total withdrawal capability from the United States Strategic Petroleum Reserve is 4.4 million barrels (700,000 m3) per day. This is roughly 32% of US oil imports, or 75% of imports from OPEC.

Estimates of Oil Resources in the Outer Continental Shelf [13]
Estimates of Onshore Oil Resources [14]

Conventional Prospective resources

A McKelvey diagram illustrating different classes of petroleum resources.
A map of world oil reserves according to U.S. EIA, 2017

Onshore

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) under the Department of the Interiorestimates undiscovered technically recoverable crude oil onshore in United States to be 48.5 billion barrels (7.71×10^9 m3) [14] [15]

Arctic

In 1998, the USGS estimated that the 1002 area of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge contains a total of between 5.7 and 16.0 billion barrels (2.54×109 m3) of undiscovered, technically recoverable oil, with a mean estimate of 10.4 billion barrels (1.65×109 m3), of which 7.7 billion barrels (1.22×109 m3) falls within the Federal portion of the ANWR 1002 Area. [16] In May 2008 the EIA used this assessment to estimate the potential cumulative production of the 1002 area of ANWR to be a maximum of 4.3 billion barrels (680,000,000 m3) from 2018 to 2030. This estimate is a best case scenario of technically recoverable oil during the area's primary production years if legislation were passed in 2008 to allow drilling. [17]

A 2002 assessment concluded that the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska contains between 6.7 and 15.0 billion barrels (2.38×109 m3) of oil, with a mean (expected) value of 10.6 billion barrels (1.69×109 m3). The quantity of undiscovered oil beneath Federal lands (excluding State and Native areas) is estimated to range between 5.9 and 13.2 BBO, with a mean value of 9.3 BBO. Most oil accumulations are expected to be of moderate size, on the order of 30 to 250 million barrels (40,000,000 m3) each. Large accumulations like the Prudhoe Bay oil field (whose ultimate recovery is approximately 13 billion barrels (2.1×109 m3)), are not expected to occur. The volumes of undiscovered, technically recoverable oil estimated for NPRA are similar to the volumes estimated for ANWR. However, because of differences in accumulation sizes (the ANWR study area is estimated to contain more accumulations in larger size classes) and differences in assessment area (the NPRA study area is more than 12 times larger than the ANWR study area), economically recoverable resources are different at low oil prices. But at market prices above $40 per barrel, estimates of economically recoverable oil for NPRA are similar to ANWR. [18]

Tight oil

In April 2008, the USGS released a report giving a new resource assessment of the Bakken Formation underlying portions of Montana and North Dakota. The USGS believes that with new horizontal drilling technology there is somewhere between 3.0 and 4.5 billion barrels (480×10^6 and 720×10^6 m3) of undiscovered, technically recoverable oil in this 200,000 square miles (520,000 km2) formation that was initially discovered in 1951. If accurate, this reassessment would make it the largest "continuous" oil accumulation (The USGS uses "continuous" to describe accumulations requiring extensive artificial fracturing to allow the oil to flow to the borehole) ever discovered in the U.S. [15] The formation is estimated to contain significantly more—figures in excess of 150 billion barrels (2.4×1010 m3) have been reported—but it is yet uncertain how much of this oil is recoverable using current technology. In 2011, Harold Hamm claimed that the recoverable share may reach 24 billion barrels (3.8×109 m3); this would mean that Bakken contains more extractable petroleum than all other known oil fields in the country, combined. [19] [20]

Offshore

The Minerals Management Service (MMS) estimates the Federal Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) contains between 66.6 and 115.1 billion barrels (10.59×10^9 and 18.30×10^9 m3) of undiscovered technically recoverable crude oil, with a mean estimate of 85.9 billion barrels (13.66×10^9 m3). The Gulf of Mexico OCS ranks first with a mean estimate of 44.9 billion barrels (7.14×10^9 m3), followed by Alaska OCS with 38.8 billion barrels (6.17×10^9 m3). At $80/bbl crude prices, the MMS estimates that 70 billion barrels (11×10^9 m3) are economically recoverable. As of 2008, a total of about 574 million acres (2,320,000 km2) of the OCS are off-limits to leasing and development. The moratoria and presidential withdrawal cover about 85 percent of OCS area offshore the lower 48 states. The MMS estimates that the resources in OCS areas currently off limits to leasing and development total 17.8 billion barrels (2.83×10^9 m3)(mean estimate). [13]

Unconventional prospective resources

Oil shale prospective resources

Oil shale

Main article: Oil shale reserves
Main article: History of the oil shale industry in the United States

The United States has the largest known deposits of oil shale in the world, according to the Bureau of Land Management and holds an estimated 2.175 trillion barrels (345.8 km3) of potentially recoverable oil. [21] Oil shale does not actually contain oil, but a waxy oil precursor known as kerogen. There is significant commercial production of oil from oil shale in the United States in North Dakota and Montana.

Oil-bearing shales in North Dakota and Montana are producing increasing amounts of oil. As of April 2013, US crude production was at a more than 20-year high, since the shale gas and tight oil boom; production was near 7.2 million barrels per day.

Oil sands

Main article: Utah oil sands

There are significant volumes of heavy oil in the oil sands of northeast Utah. There has yet to be any significant production from these deposits.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Proved Reserves of Crude Oil and Natural Gas in the United States, Year-End 2021". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  2. ^ "Republicans say new study belies Obama claim US has 2 percent of world oi l". Fox News. 2012-04-19.
  3. ^ US Energy Information Administration, Energy Annual 2012, Sept. 2012.
  4. ^ "What are "technically recoverable" oil and gas resources? | U.S. Geological Survey". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  5. ^ "Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, Selected Years, 1949-2005" (PDF). Energy Information Administration. 2006. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
  6. ^ "U.S. Petroleum Supply and Consumption 2005–2009" Archived 2010-04-16 at the Wayback Machine, July 8, 2008. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).
  7. ^ a b "Crude Oil Production". Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2008-07-23. Archived from the original on 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
  8. ^ a b U.S. Field Production of Crude Oil
  9. ^ "Shale oil output anchors a record growth in U.S. production". E&E. 2016-01-18.
  10. ^ Amadeo, Kimberly. "Behind the US Shale Oil Boom and Bust". The Balance. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
  11. ^ "U.S. to overtake Saudi as top oil producer: IEA". Reuters. 2012-11-12.
  12. ^ "Petroleum Basic Statistics". Energy Information Administration. 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
  13. ^ a b U.S. Department of the Interior, (MMS) (2006). "Assessment of Undiscovered Technically Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources of the Nation's Outer Continental Shelf, 2006" (PDF). Minerals Management Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
  14. ^ a b U.S. Department of the Interior, (USGS) (2007). "Comprehensive Resource Summary: Conventional, Continuous, Coal-bed Gas" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
  15. ^ a b U.S. Department of the Interior, (USGS) (April 10, 2008). "Comprehensive Resource Summary: Conventional, Continuous, Coal-bed Gas". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
  16. ^ United States Geological Survey, (USGS) (April 1998). "Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 1002 Area, Petroleum Assessment, 1998, Including Economic Analysis". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
  17. ^ "Analysis of Crude Oil Production in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge" (PDF). Energy Information Administration. May 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  18. ^ United States Geological Survey, (USGS) (2002). "U.S. Geological Survey 2002 Petroleum Resource Assessment of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA)". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
  19. ^ "N.D. study estimates 167 billion barrels of oil in Bakken".
  20. ^ "CEO: 24 Billion Barrels of Oil in Bakken Shale". CNBC.
  21. ^ John R. Dyni (2005). "Geology and Resources of Some World Oil-Shale Deposits" (PDF). Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5294. US Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
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