An obstruent (/ˈɒbstruːənt/OB-stroo-ənt) is a speech sound such as [
k], [
d͡ʒ], or [
f] that is
formed by obstructing airflow. Obstruents contrast with
sonorants, which have no such obstruction and so resonate.[1] All obstruents are
consonants, but sonorants include
vowels as well as consonants.
Subclasses
Obstruents are subdivided into:
plosives (oral stops), such as [p,t,k,b,d,ɡ], with complete occlusion of the vocal tract, often followed by a release burst;
fricatives, such as [f,ɸ,θ,s,ʃ,x,v,β,z,ʒ,ɣ], with limited closure, not stopping airflow but making it turbulent;
affricates, which begin with complete occlusion but then release into a fricative-like release, such as [t͡ʃ]and[d͡ʒ].[2]
Voicing
Obstruents are often prototypically
voiceless, but voiced obstruents are common. This contrasts with sonorants, which are prototypically voiced and only rarely
phonemically voiceless.[3]
^Zsiga, Elizabeth. The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
^Blevins, Juliette (2018). "Evolutionary phonology and the life cycle of voiceless sonorants". Typological Studies in Language. 121: 31–58.
doi:
10.1075/tsl.121.01ble.